User:Capsicum00/Aconitum lycoctonum

Aconitum lycoctonum, common name Alpine wolfsbane, is a perennial herb of the that grows abundantly in a range across southern and central Europe. It is found in lowlands to the subalpine zone, mainly in forests and shaded habitats [2]. Along with A. napellus, A. lycoctonum is of the most common European species of the Aconitum genus [1]. They are also grown ornamentally in gardens, thriving well in ordinary garden soil [2]. As such, A. lycoctonum can be found in North America, especially in eastern Canada, often in old gardens or as garden escapees [3].

High morphological variability has been described across specimens of A. lycoctonum, however molecular studies showed small genetic distances between populations, and thus A. lycoctonum describes a species complex containing multiple taxa of uncertain taxonomic rank [2].

Aconitum flowers are five-petaled, zygomorphic, and protandrous. The posterior petal resembles a helmet, hiding two nectaries. In A. lycoctonum, the nectary tips are long and highly curled, conducive to specialized pollination. There are multiple stamens. The ovary is made up of usually three, but up to five free carpels. The fruit are follicles. The herb's inflorescence is a raceme, with maturation occurring from bottom to top. Specimens found in high elevations tend to have more flowers-per-inflorescence and more inflorescences-per-plant than those found in low elevations [2].

Aconitum is bumblebee-pollinated (genus Bombus). A. lycoctonum is mainly pollinated by Bombus hortorum in the lowlands and Bombus gerstaeckeri in the highlands, both species being long-tongued bumblebees which are able to reach the nectar at the end of the nectaries. The flower's nectar also attract other insects, including flies, and short-tongued bumblebees such as B. wurflenii, which act as nectar robbers but may also occasionally pollinate [2].

Aconitum lycoctonum 's name was given by Carl Linnaeus, who found A. lycotonum growing in Lapland, Finland in 1727 [1].

Characteristic to the genus, all parts of the plant contain a multitude of alkaloids, making Aconitum poisonous [5]. These alkaloids act primarily on the muscular endplates. Alkaloids gigactonine, demethylenedelcorine, 14-O-methyldelphinifoline, and pseudokobusine, lycoctonine, lycaconitine, and myoctonine have been isolated from roots and seeds of A. lycoctonum. Gigactonine was found to be the main alkaloid in the flowers, along with 6-Oacetyldemethylenedelcorine (1) and 6-O-acetyl-14-O-methyldelphinifoline, 14- O-methyldelphinifoline, and lycoctonine. The toxicity of alkaloids in A. lycoctonum are much lower than that of A. napellus. Indeed, A. lycoctonum also does not possess the main alkaloid of A. napellus, aconitine, and while A. napellus was used for its antipyretic and analgesic properties until recent times, the medical use of A. lycoctonum seems to have become obsolete far earlier, it mention limited to ancient texts [4].