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Luis Cruls
Luíz Cruls or Luís Cruls or Louis Ferdinand Cruls (21 January 1848 – 21 June 1908) was a Belgian-born Brazilian astronomer and geodesist. He was Director of the Brazilian National Observatory from 1881 to 1908, led the commission charged with the survey and selection of a future site for the capital of Brazil in the Central Plateau, and was co-disoverer of the Great Comet of 1882. Cruls was also an active proponent of efforts to accurately measure solar parallax and towards that end led a Brazilian team in their observations of 1882 Transit of Venus in Punta Arenas, Chile.

Early life
Cruls was born in 1848 in Diest, Belgium, the son of Philippe Augustin Guillaume Cruls (a civil engineer) and Anne Elizabeth Jordens. From 1863 to 1868, Cruls studied civil engineering at the University of Ghent. In 1869 he undertook training as a military engineer and officer, graduating as a 2nd Lieutenant. Cruls served in the Belgian army, attaining the rank of 1st Lieutenant, until 1873 or 1874 (sources disagree).

Likely inspired by Brazilian friends at University (including Caetano de Almeida Furquim, a fellow engineer), Cruls resigned his commission and set out for Brazil on September 5, 1874. During the trans-Atlantic crossing on the steamer Orénoque, Cruls met and became friends with Joaquim Nabuco, a journalist and abolitionist, and also the son of Jose Thomas Nabuco, an influential Brazilian politician. Nabuco's connections were to provide Cruls with access to the highest levels of Brazilian society.

Brazil, Belgium, and back again
Within weeks after Cruls' arrival in Brazil, Joaquim Nabuco and his father arranged for him to be presented to Dom Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil, and more importantly, to meet Buarque de Macedo, the Director General of the Ministry of Public Works. This latter meeting led to Cruls being hired as an engineer by the Commission of the Empire General Charter (Comissão da Carta Geral do Império) in the Geodesy section.

In January 1875 Cruls was forced to return to Belgium for family reasons. The Commission took Cruls' forced return as an opportunity, and assigned him the duty of assisting the Brazilian ambassador in coordinating the the receipt and transportation of geodesic instruments that the Commission had previously purchased. While in Europe, published his first major paper, Discussion of the Methods of Repetition and Reiteration Employed in Geodesy for the Angles. Cruls returned to Brazil in June 1875 and continued his work with the Commission until its dissolution.

Imperial Observatory
In December 1877, Emmanuel Liais appointed Cruls to the Commission on Longitude, a position at the Imperial Observatory. (After Brazil became a republic in 1889, the Observatory's name was changed to Observatory of Rio de Janeiro, and in 1909, to the National Observatory of Brazil, the name by which it is known today.) Over the next two years, under the tutelage of Liais, Cruls produced several works that helped to build his international reputation as an astronomer:




 * Note on Mars a monograph on his observations of the surface features and rotation of Mars during its 1877 opposition.
 * On Observations on the Transit of Mercury of May 6, 1878 was Cruls' first scientific paper to be published in the Comptes Rendus of the French Academy of Sciences, and provided estimates the diameters of the Sun and Mercury.
 * Note on the Star System 40 Eridani B, in which Cruls used two sets of observations (taken at six month intervals) to determine that 40 Eridani B's parallax.
 * Probable Orbital Movements of Some Binary Systems of the Southern Heavens and Spectroscopic Research on Some Unstudied Stars, both articles appearing in the same issue of Comptes Rendus.

Cruls would go on to publish a total thirty-five papers, monographs, and books on astronomy in his lifetime; the majority would be published in Comptes Rendus In 1879, Cruls was promoted to Assistant Astronomer, based both on his work at the Observatory and the high regard Liais had for Cruls' scientific capabilities.

On February 12, 1881, Cruls was naturalized as a Brazilian citizen by Emperor Dom Pedro II. Cruls took this opportunity to formally change his first name to "Luíz", the Brazilian form of "Louis" or "Luís". A few months later, Cruls's mentor Emmanuel Liais resigned, and Cruls was appointed as interim director of the Imperial Observatory. Liais had become worn down by public accusations of scientific incompetence and dishonesty from Manoel Pereira Reis (an astronomer he had dismissed as head of the Commission of the Empire General Charter in 1878) and returned to Cherbourg, France. However, Pereira Reis was to transfer his animosity to Cruls, and would remain a persistent critic of Cruls and the Observatory for the rest of his life.

1882: Cruls' annus mirabilis
The Great Comet of 1882 The Observatory Vol. 5 p. 319-325 November 1882 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1882Obs.....5..319.

The 1882 Transit of Venus as Seen from Chile; The Brazilian Group Hilmar W. Duerbeck ESO Education & Public Relations Department 2004 https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/vt-2004/Background/Infol2/EIS-F7_pf.pdf

Three Brazilian groups observed the transit: one on the island of San Thomas (Antilles), another one in Pernambuco (Olinda/Brazil) and a third one in Punta Arenas, Chile. The Punta Arenas party consisted of the director of Rio de Janeiro Observatory, Belgian-born Luis Cruls (Fig. 5), and his mechanic, Moreira de Assis.

The Brazilian party was brought to Punta Arenas (Fig. 6) by the frigate Parnahyba of the Brazilian Navy, under the command of captain Luiz Philippe de Saldanha da Gama, who wrote extensive "travel notes" for the astronomical report. He later became admiral and director of the naval school, took part in a revolt, and died in 1895 during a federalist revolution in Brazil. Saldanha da Gama's quite refreshing notes describe the trip from Rio via Montevideo (where ships of French and U. S. expeditions were met) to Punta Arenas. On the day of the transit, the Parnahyba was sent off to "Quartermaster Island" to carry out independent observations, which could only be done imperfectly due to poor weather. When Saldanha da Gama and his crew returned the night after the transit, they found Cruls asleep and woke him up. The report reads:

Two short words, rapidly spoken, were exchanged, they said everything. - "Então?" (How was it?) asked the commander anxiously. - "Completo" (Achieved) replied the astronomer and smiled. And then both men shook hands, quietly and with emotion."

While the Brazilian Groups only used the timings of second and third contacts (second only from Punta Arenas, third from all three stations), their final discussion (Cruls 1887), which just runs over five pages of the Annals, and is based only on a handful of measurements, yields a result, remarkably close to the modern value, but in my opinion a very uncertain one: 8.808 arc seconds (no error given).

Timeline
1882—Co-discoverer of Great Comet of 1882(?) Began publication of Annals of Observatory of Rio de Janeiro Transit of Venus Transit of Venus, 1882 Valz Medal

Meridian, Paris, and Revista do Observatório
1884—In October 1884, Cruls represented Brazil at the International Meridian Conference in Washington DC, and was elected as one of the Secretaries of the conference.

1886—In 1886, he obtained the final appointment of Director of the National Observatory. Under Cruls' leadership, the National Observatory began publishing the first Brazilin scientific journal, Revista do Observatório (Observatory Journal).|

1887 to 1889—in Paris, representing Brazil the conferences that for drafting of a new Celestial Chart. With Dom Pedro II hosted by Observatory of Juvisy

1889—Made Professor of Geodesy and Astronomy at College of War (?)

The Cruls Commissions
1892—Appointed to lead committee to conduct studies on the ideal place to construction of the new capital Cruls Quadrlaterial docomomo-bsb-apdf-mw-c.pdf 1894—Second expedition to Cruls Quadralaterial

Final Expedition
1901—Cruls leads Joint Commission on Brazil-Bolivia limits (source of the Javari river-border with Peru and Bolivia) Contracts malaria Beri-Beri (Barboza)

1902-1908—Health problems from Malaria (?)

1908—Travel to France for treatment; death; family and body returned to Brazil (?) Buried at Cemitério São João Batista

Corresponding Member of Academy of Science of Paris Geographical Brazilian Historical Institute 50 articles published books and monographs; 35 on astronmy

Luiz Cruls e o Premio Valz de Astronomi

The Prize Valz—The day December 6, 1882 records undoubtedly urn of the most important dates, if not the most important, in the scientific career of Belgian-Brazilian astronomer Luiz Cruls and consequently in Brazilian science. That same day, while Cruls was in Punta Arenas (Chile's Patagonia), heading a Brazilian mission and successfully observing the passage of the planet Venus di against the solar disk, the French astronomer Hervé Faye (1814-1902) wrote in Paris urn letter to Dom Pedro II (1825-1891) .3 In that letter, Faye communicated to the Brazilian emperor that the Science Academy of Paris had granted Cruls Valz the award in recognition "for his work in all types of comets." 4 The French astronomer took advantage of the occasion to affirm that their "brothers were so happy to recognize the merits of the observer [Cruls] and the services that the Centre of Rio de Janeiro is requested (appelé), increasingly, to provide science "5 With this award, the French science showed not only appreciate the value of the astronomical work of Cruls, but also implied that the then Imperial Observatory J anuary River began to be re known as a center of research that had reached certain level of excellence.

The second Valz award was created in June 17, 1874 on the initiative of Benjamin Valz widow. The value of the prize, which was annual, was 460.00 FF and should be awarded to the most important jobs or the greatest discoveries produced in the year. It was first awarded in 1877.

The second and last Brazilian Emperor Pedro II (1825-1891) was always very interested in science person. Having received urn educates ~ relatively accurate and complete, when we remember the patterns of the early nineteenth century, Pedro II sought to manterse about news that appeared in scientific fields. Among his areas of preferred science, found themselves astronomy and linguistics. Another important detail about your personality and always emphasized by his biographers is as follows: Pedro II showed itself more comfortable among scientists and intellectuals than among political and military. Whenever possible, he supported initiatives in favor of science and educates ~ to Brazil. Your worries ~ to and interest in science are evident in the text of the Faith of Official Letter, document summarizing their political ideals and which was published in Jornal do Commercio in 1891, a few months before his death.

Séance publique annuelle Prix dhonneur L'Astronomie, Volume 2 Camille Flammarion p 183 Gauthier-Villars 1884 https://books.google.com/books?id=-ttNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA183

Le prix Valz a ete decerne a M. WILLIAM HUGGINS, le savant physicien anglais bien connu, pour ses ingenieuses recherches sur l'analyse spectrale des astres, et a M. Cruls, de l'Observatoire de Rio-Janeiro, pour ses observations sur la grande Comete et comme felicitations en faveur de l'Observatoire fonde par l'empereur du Bresil.

Valz The award was presented to Mr. WILLIAM HUGGINS, the learned English physicist known for his ingenious research on the spectral analysis of the stars, and Mr. Cruls, the Observatory of Rio de Janeiro, for his comments on the great comet and as congratulations for the Observatory founded by the emperor of Brazil

Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers: Cruls, Luiz Thomas Hockey 2014, p 484

Luiz Cruls was director of the Rio de Janeiro Observatory (Brazil). His annus mirabilis was 1882; in that year he observed the transit of Venus and discovered the Great Comet C/1882 R1 (on 10 September). A crater on Mars is named for Cruls.

Revistavdo Observatorio
Revistavdo Observatorio (Observatory Journal)

Histórico Observatório Nacional (Observ2) http://www.on.br/conteudo/institucional/historico/historico.html

Revistavdo Observatorio (Observatory Journal)—In 1885 was published the first volume of the Yearbook Centre - one of the oldest periodical publications you edit today and, in fact, one of the Astronomical Ephemeris continued, published from 1862 to 1870. In 1886, initiatives if the publication of the Observatory Magazine - first exclusively scientific journal produced in the country - which was discontinued in 1891.

90 Anos da Hora Legal no Brasil

Check Reference It was up to military engineer and Belgian astronomer Luis Cruls, Liais collaborator in various scientific works, succeed him in the Observatory direão in 1881, remaining in office until 1908. In 1888, the Parliament voted a budget that allowed the start of construction will the new Observatory in the Imperial Farm of Santa Cruz. Soon after proclamaão of the Republic, in 1890, the Centre returned to subordinaão the Ministry of War, now with the name of the Centre Rio de Janeiro, to which is annexed the Geographic Service and being abandoned the idea of his move to Santa Cruz.

Worthy of Meno, among the valuable work performed by the National Observatory in the nineteenth century, are the establishment and demarcaão part of our borders and the dispatching, headed by Cruls held to Central Brazil, between 1892 and 1896, to choose the place where will be built the new capital - Brasilia.

With the death of Cruls in 1908, assumed its direão astronomer Henry Charles Morize.

Meridian
In 1884, Brazil was invited by the US government to participate in the International Meridian Conference in Washington, when we adopted the meridian passing through Greenwich as the origin of longitude and therefore, time, and so the time zone system. Sent as the representative of Brazil, Luiz Cruls, then director of the Imperial Observatory of Rio de Janeiro (current National Observatory), adopted a position against the choice of Greenwich, in view of the request of Emperor D. Pedro II should vote with France. Now, as the French astronomers defended the use of an independent universal meridian of a nationality, they decided to abstain, position followed by Brazil. As a result, Brazil did not accept the decisions of the Washington Conference. Thus, the country retained the same situation anarchic in relation to the time since Cruls not sought to impose by the Empire and the Republic to take the time zones that would order the situation system.

Louis Cruls nasceu em 21 de janeiro de 1848 na cidade de Diest (Bélgica), onde se formou em engenharia civil. Depois de uma breve passagem pelo Exército belga, Cruls mudou para o Brasil.

Em 1874 ingressou no Imperial Observatório do Rio de Janeiro como ajudante, depois se tornou astrônomo e foi nomeado diretor (1881-1908). A partir de 1888, foi professor catedrático de astronomia e geodésia da Escola Militar da Praia Vermelha e presidiu a Comissão de Exploração do Planalto Central do Brasil, encarregada de levantamento geológico e mineral da região, bem como da demarcação de local para futura capital do país. Também chefiou a delegação brasileira incumbida de estabelecer os limites entre o Brasil e a Bolívia.

Publicou diversos trabalhos em astronomia e ficou conhecido internacionalmente pelo pioneirismo na realização de observações astrofísicas e cometárias, e pela contribuição à climatologia.

Louis Cruls was born in January 21, 1848 in the city of Diest (Belgium), where he graduated in civil engineering. After a brief passage by the Belgian Army, Cruls moved to Brazil.

In 1874 he joined the Imperial Observatory of Rio de Janeiro as an assistant, then became astronomer and was appointed director (1881-1908). From 1888, was professor of astronomy and geodesy of the Military School of the Red Beach and chaired the Central Plateau of the Operating Committee of Brazil, responsible for geological and mineral survey of the region, as well as the local demarcation for future capital of the country. Also headed the Brazilian delegation charged with establishing the boundaries between Brazil and Bolivia.

He published several works on astronomy and became known internationally for pioneering in carrying out astrophysical and comet observations, and the contribution to weather.

The Cruls Commissions
Relatório da Comissão Exploradora do Planalto Central (or Cruls Report, 1894)

Cruls Quadrilatera (quadrilatero-cruls.jpg) A Nova Capital Federal e o Planalto Central do Brazil 14,400 km square area demarcated by Cruls Commission for the Federal District, 1894 Dr. Antonio Pimentel

vitruvius arquitextos 119.02 year 10, abr. 2010 Brasília, um objetivo certa vez adiado Farès el-Dahdah http://www.vitruvius.com.br/revistas/read/arquitextos/10.119/3363

In a message to Congress on May 12, 1892, Marshal Floriano Peixoto, newly elected president of the first Republic of Brazil, announced that, "deeming need of urgent change of Union Capital, the Government comes to proceed to the central plateau for the Commission to proceed with the demarcation of the area and to do about the area the necessary studies "(16). The following week, it was approved a law creating the Explorer Commission of the Central Plateau,

Comissão Exploradora do Planalto Central do Brasil

led by Belgian Luiz Cruls, director of the Astronomical Observatory of Rio de Janeiro and professor of geodesy and astronomy at the War College. Equipped with theodolites, sextants, barometers, sphygmomanometers, compasses, pedometers, meteorological and photographic instruments, weapons, tents etc., Cruls also led astronomers, doctors, a pharmacist, a geologist and botanist. The expedition began work in June 1892 and lasted until March 1893. In December of the following year, Cruls published the Commission's report, which consisted of two bilingual volumes, co-edited in Portuguese and French, in the press of the Centre and the Lombaerts publisher. One of the volumes contained Cruls reports and other leaders of the group, in addition to health experts, botany and geology (17); on the other, contained geographical information collected by each group during their "caminhamentos", as well as maps of the proposed Federal District (18) The method used for its demarcation was similar to that employed in the demarcation of state borders in the United States. For Cruls, the parameters of a spheroid quadrilateral have the advantage of being geographically fixed and astronomically defined by lines of latitude (between 15 and 16 degrees) and longitude (between 47 and 49 degrees). The proposed site for Cruls coincided with the same line of latitude 15 degrees previously suggested by Jose Bonifacio de Andrada e Silva, and near the triangle Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen.

Portal Brasil Quadrilátero Cruls 09/04/2010 http://www.brasil.gov.br/governo/2010/04/quadrilatero-cruls

The report produced by the Mission Cruls pointed out that the survey area was suitable to house the Capital. The extension of 14,440 km² became known as Quad Cruls

The success of the mission results in the creation of the Study Commission on New Capital of the Union, based on Cruls report notes:

"In addition to the land predicates, the climate of these places is perfectly regular; them reigns constant plowing, always appended to an invariable temperature. The nights are as clear as day, no winds or rough cold; In conclusion, I understand that there everything comes together for absolutely facilitate human existence. "

"As for the drawbacks or disadvantages that this measure may come, we believe that they exist only in the imagination of a small number of little people prone to progressive ideas and considering insurmountable difficulties attached to them, find it preferable not leave the old tracks routine, forgetting that it is incompatible with any progress "

Final Expedition
Membros da Comissão Mista de Limites entre o Brasil e a Bolívia, 1901 LC.F.0004 Belem (Para) Marco http://www.zenith-mast.com.br/zenith_ahc/v_dossie_icono_x_fotolist.php?showmaster=v_dossie_icono_pesq&ID_DOSSIE=1097

Liais was succeeded by his main collaborator, a Belgian engineer called Luiz Cruls. Under his directorship a number of scientific expeditions were undertaken: to Punta Arenas to observe the transit of Venus across the solar disk (1882); to the Central plateau to demarcate the Brasilia quadrilateral, site of the future capital city (1890); and to the border with Peru and Bolivia to determine the exact location of the source of the Javari river, which was crucial in the conflict between the countries (1898).

Legacy
In 1916, Dr. Luiz da Rocha Miranda, former astronomer at the National Observatory, built at his expense the flag in running the Time Service in Morro de São Januário. This building would have received justice with his name, was not the admirable gesture of modesty and gratitude Rock Miranda who demanded that the new pavilion was baptized with the name of his former master and friend Luiz Cruls, very fitting tribute to one of the greatest astronomers Observatory. This pavilion included, plus an office and laboratory for the telegraph instruments on the ground floor, an underground for receiving pendulous at constant pressure.

http://www.zenith-mast.com.br/zenith_ahc/v_dossie_textual_pesqview.php?showdetail=&ID_DOSSIE=1751 [1889] Newspaper articles about the participation of Luiz Cruls at a meeting of the International Commission to study the organization of the Sky Charter and as the representative of Brazil in Brussels.

http://www.zenith-mast.com.br/zenith_ahc/v_dossie_textual_pesqview.php?showdetail=&ID_DOSSIE=1738 [1881 MAR 24] Imperial letter d. Pedro II naming Luiz Cruls to exercise the place of 1 astronomer Imperial Observatory of Rio de Janeiro by Baron Homem de Melo, Minister of the Empire.

Honors
http://www.zenith-mast.com.br/zenith_ahc/v_dossie_textual_pesqview.php?showdetail=&ID_DOSSIE=1745 [1887] Imperial letter d. Isabel, Princess Imperial Regent of Brazil, on behalf of the Emperor, giving license to Luiz Cruls to accept the appointment of Officer of the National Order of the Legion of Honor that was agraaciado by the President of the French Republic and use their insígnas, approved by Baron Cotegipe, Minister of Foreign Affairs.

French Legion of Honour (Légion d'Honneur) documents Base de Donnees Léonore Archives Nationales http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/leonore_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_1=NOM&VALUE_1=CRULS (add to Wikipedia List) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour

http://www.zenith-mast.com.br/zenith_ahc/v_dossie_textual_pesqview.php?showdetail=&ID_DOSSIE=1762 [1883 MAR 10] Imperial letter, by Decree of March 10, 1883, d. Pedro II, naming Luiz Cruls Commander of the Order of the Rose, by virtue of their performance and contribution to science by observing work of Venus transit across the solar disk. Below the Emperor heading the referenda of Peter Leo Veloso, Minister of the Empire. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Rose

http://www.zenith-mast.com.br/zenith_ahc/v_dossie_textual_pesqview.php?showdetail=&ID_DOSSIE=1792 [1918 JUN 22] Telegram [copy] sent to Henry Morize, Director of the National Centre for Luiz da Rocha Miranda stating unable to attend the inauguration of the Pavilion Luiz Cruls.

http://www.zenith-mast.com.br/zenith_ahc/v_dossie_textual_pesqview.php?showdetail=&ID_DOSSIE=1801 [1955 JUN 13] Telegram Gaston Cruls for Alderman Levi Neves thanking the initiative to give the name of Luiz Cruls a street in the city of Rio de Janeiro.