User:Carlos Alegría/sandbox

In geometry, a set $$S \subset \R^d$$ is defined to be orthogonally convex if, for every line $$L$$ that is parallel to one of the standard basis vectors, the intersection of $$S$$ with $$L$$ is either empty, a point, or a single line segment.

The orthogonal convex hull of a set $$S \subset \R^d$$ is the intersection of all connected orthogonally convex supersets of $$S$$.

These definitions are made by analogy with the classical theory of convexity, in which $$S$$ is convex if, for every line $$L$$, the intersection of $$S$$ with $$L$$ is empty, a point, or a single line segment. Orthogonal convexity restricts the lines for which this property is required to hold. The term "orthogonal" refers to the corresponding cartesian basis and coordinates in the Euclidean space, where different basis vectors are perpendicular to each other.

The orthogonal convex hull is also known as rectilinear convex hull, ortho-convex hull or, in two dimensions, the x-y convex hull.

Examples
The figure shows a set of 16 points in the plane and the orthogonal convex hull of these points. As can be seen, the orthogonal convex hull is a polygon with some degenerate edges connecting extreme vertices in each coordinate direction. For a discrete point set such as this one, all orthogonal convex hull edges are horizontal or vertical. In this example, the orthogonal convex hull is connected.

Properties
A rectilinear halfspace is a closed set whose intersection with a line that is parallel to one of the standard basis vectors is either empty, a ray, or a line. The maximal orthogonal convex hull of $$S$$ is also defined as the intersection of all rectilinear halfspaces containing $$S$$. This is by analogy to the following definition of the convex hull: the convex hull of $$S$$ is the intersection of all halfspaces containing $$S$$. In the plane, a rectilinear halfspace is either a closed halfplane or a translation of a closed quadrant.

The maximal orthogonal convex hull is based on the maxima of a point set. A total of $$2^d$$ maxima can be obtained from a point set $$S \subset \R^d$$, one per each sign assignment to the coordinates of the points in $$S$$ corresponding to a hyperoctant defined by the standard basis vectors. The maximal orthogonal convex hull of $$S$$ is the set of points dominated by at least one point in each maxima of $$S$$. In other words, it is the set of points that are the apex of the translation of a hyperoctant having a non empty intersection with $$S$$.

The maximal orthogonal convex hull can be equivalently defined as the intersection of all connected orthogonal convex hulls. As the same as the classical orthogonal convex hull, the maximal orthogonal convex hull might be disconnected, and has the convex hull property derived from Carathéodory's theorem.

Discrete point sets
Several authors have studied algorithms for constructing orthogonal convex hulls: ; ; ;. By the results of these authors, the orthogonal convex hull of n points in the plane may be constructed in time O(n log n), or possibly faster using integer searching data structures for points with integer coordinates.
 * 1) Maximal definition: The orthogonal convex hull of $$S$$ is the intersection of all connected orthogonally convex supersets of $$S$$.

Simple polygons
TODO

Alternative definitions


In contrast with the classical convexity where there exist several equivalent definitions of the convex hull, definitions of the orthogonal convex hull made by analogy to those of the convex hull result in different geometric objects. So far, researchers have explored the following four definitions of the orthogonal convex hull of a set $$K \subset \R^d$$:


 * 1) Classical definition: The orthogonal convex hull of $$K$$ is the intersection of all orthogonally convex supersets of $$K$$;.
 * 2) Connected definition: The orthogonal convex hull of $$K$$ is the smallest connected orthogonally convex superset of $$K$$;.
 * 3) Functional definition: The orthogonal convex hull of $$K$$ is the intersection of the zero sets of all non-negative orthogonally convex functions that are $$0$$ on $$K$$;.

In the figures on the right, the top figure shows a set of six points in the plane along with the classical orthogonal convex hull of the point set. From top to bottom, the second to the fourth figures show respectively, the maximal, the functional, and the connected orthogonal convex hull of the point set on the top. As can be seen, the orthogonal convex hull is a polygon with some degenerate "edges", namely, orthogonally convex alternating polygonal chains with interior angle $$90^\circ$$ connecting extreme vertices.

Classical orthogonal convex hull
The classical orthogonal convex hull can be equivalently defined as the smallest orthogonally convex superset of a set $$K \subset \R^2$$, by analogy to the following definition of the convex hull: the convex hull of $$K$$ is the smallest convex superset of $$K$$. The classical orthogonal convex hull might be disconnected. If a point set has no pair of points on a line parallel to one of the standard basis vectors, the classical orthogonal convex hull of such point set is equal to the point set itself.

A well known property of convex hulls is derived from the Carathéodory's theorem: A point $$x \in \R^d$$ is in the interior of the convex hull of a point set $$K \subset \R^d$$ if, and only if, it is already in the convex hull of $$d+1$$ or fewer points of $$K$$. This property is also valid for classical orthogonal convex hulls.

Connected orthogonal convex hull
By definition, the connected orthogonal convex hull is always connected. However, it is not unique. Consider for example a pair of points in the plane not lying on an horizontal or a vertical line. The connected orthogonal convex hull of such points is an orthogonally convex alternating polygonal chain with interior angle $$90^\circ$$ connecting the points. Any such polygonal chain has the same length, so there are infinitely many connected orthogonal convex hulls for the point set.

For point sets in the plane, the connected orthogonal convex hull can be easily obtained from the maximal orthogonal convex hull. If the maximal orthogonal convex hull of a point set $$K \subset \R^2$$ is connected, then it is equal to the connected orthogonal convex hull of $$K$$. If this is not the case, then there are infinitely many connected orthogonal convex hulls for $$K$$, and each one can be obtained by joining the connected components of the maximal orthogonal convex hull of $$K$$ with orthogonally convex alternating polygonal chains with interior angle $$90^\circ$$.

Functional orthogonal convex hull
The functional orthogonal convex hull is not defined using properties of sets, but properties of functions about sets. Namely, it restricts the notion of convex function as follows. A function $$f: \R^d \rightarrow \R$$ is called orthogonally convex if its restriction to each line parallel to a non-zero of the standard basis vectors is a convex function.

Related concepts
It is natural to generalize orthogonal convexity to restricted-orientation convexity, in which a set K is defined to be convex if all lines having one of a finite set of slopes must intersect K in connected subsets; see e.g., , or.

In addition, the tight span of a finite metric space is closely related to the orthogonal convex hull. If a finite point set in the plane has a connected orthogonal convex hull, that hull is the tight span for the Manhattan distance on the point set. However, orthogonal hulls and tight spans differ for point sets with disconnected orthogonal hulls, or in higher dimensional Lp spaces.

describes several other results about orthogonal convexity and orthogonal visibility.

TODO: Add strong convexity