User:Carlosmatutes/sandbox

Carlos' sandbox is a Wikipedia site used for drafts.

Article Evaluation
 * Social construction of gender refers to the concept that gender is not an intrinsic trait, but rather an amalgam of social and cultural creations. The article stays on topic, without engaging in exploration of tangential topics. However, this article is somewhat biased in that it does not extensively consider any counter theory of gender. Without these alternative theories, there is an unbalanced feel. The citations and links to other articles are functional, but there are many points that are lacking proper citation, and even some positions that appear to be original research.
 * For many of the subtopics, there are opinions that are not backed up by citation, and should be cited or deleted, as this could be construed as original research. Where points are cited, there are credible sources available, not biased opinion pieces.
 * In the "Talk" section for this article, there are many discussions about the lack of citing and possibility of original research. Many of the issues raised have been resolved, but there are still some that are outstanding. Surprisingly, there seem to be no additions to this article showing alternative theories about the development of gender. I feel that there could be some additions made presenting biological arguments for the existence of gender with proper citation that would address these deficiencies. There is no discussion about the lack of content in the subtopic of "Gender Roles," which seems to be a glaring omission in this article, although perhaps this is due to a lack of unbiased sources on this issue.
 * This is certainly a topic that brings into question many social and cultural beliefs, and is a difficult subject to broach neutrally. There are three WikiProjects studying this article, so there will undoubtedly be additional information posted to this page. I disagree with the suggestions to merge this page with others as listed in the "Talk" section. After reviewing the other articles, I believe that they offer very little that would add to this article in a meaningful way.

Article Contribution
 * I have selected to work on the article Discrimination based on skin color. I hope to add sources for this type of discrimination throughout Latin America. I believe there is a great deal of discrimination based on skin color there, and I hope to find sufficient peer-reviewed sources that will bolster this effort. This will be a prime example of discrimination based on skin color rather than ethnicity or "race," since there is significant racial blending in countries like Mexico, Cuba, and Brazil where discrimination takes place regularly.
 * http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.libproxy.boisestate.edu/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291540-6237/issues
 * Espino, Rodolpho and Franz "Latino Phenotypic Discrimination Revisited: The Impact of Skin Color on Occupational Status" Social Science Quarterly, June 2002, v. 83, iss. 2, pp. 612-23

Article Contribution Description
 * The article I will be editing, Discrimination based on skin color, has a number of gaps in the information provided. For example, there is no information about this type of discrimination in Mexico, which I believe Andres Villarreal covers very well in his research "Stratification by Skin Color in Contemporary Mexico." This research examines the role of skin color discrimination in a country that has no official designations for race outside of indigenous/non-indigenous designations. This is incredibly useful, since there is an assumption that without those designations that skin color based discrimination does not exist, yet Villarreal's research shows otherwise.
 * I will also use data from the research of Wilkinson, Garand, and Dunaway to add to the subheading of skin color discrimination in the United States. This paper examines the relationships of three distinct groups and the feelings of commonality or competition between them viewed through the concept of skin color. This study gives insight into how Latino and African Americans view each other, and notes how the subjects identify their own skin color. Self perception and the views of other skin color minorities are given, and level of education is corrected for in this study. I will be adding a subheading of minority interrelations based upon this work.

Article Contribution, Revised for Intersectionality
 * (Add to Intro) Because educational attainment is directly related to occupational prestige, skin color discrimination in education has far reaching ramifications. Discrimination based on skin color incorporates several forms of inequality. Oppressive othering is utilized because skin color is the most visible feature that can separate individuals into groups. By forming a hierarchy on darkness of skin, dominant groups place themselves into a superior position.
 * (Add to Education) Skin color discrimination in education affects individuals in different ways depending on gender. This may be due to the disparity in standards of attractiveness, to which women are held much more closely than men. White women, previously thought to be in a group that did not experience discrimination based on skin color, have been shown to be affected by this inequality. A 2013 study used spectrophotometer readings to quantify skin color of respondents. White women experience discrimination in education, with those having darker skin graduating from college at lower rates than those with lighter skin. This precise and repeatable test of skin color revealed that white women experience skin color discrimination in education at levels consistent with African-Americans. White men are not affected in this way.
 * (Add new section, Skin Color Discrimination and Gender) Combining gender with skin color places additional burden on women of color. Racial stereotypes that are linked to gender have been used to discriminate against individuals for more than a century. Hypersexualized controlling images of women of color were have been used to marginalize Asian immigrants, African descendants, and Latin Americans in order to reify the white, male-dominated hegemony in the United States. . The pervasive concepts of attractiveness that are accepted in American society are much narrower for women than for men, which is directly related to the greater levels of discrimination based on skin color that women face.

Citations Branigan, J. Freese, A. Patir, T.W. McDade, K. Liu, & C.I. Kiefe. 2013. “Skin color, sex, and educational attainment in the post-civil rights era”. Social Science Research 42, 6, 1659-1674. Retrieved April 2, 2018 (https://www-sciencedirect-com.libproxy.boisestate.edu/science/article/pii/S0049089X13001130?_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_origin=gateway&_docanchor=&md5=b8429449ccfc9c30159a5f9aeaa92ffb&ccp=y) Espiritu, Yen Le 2008. Asian American Women and Men: Labor, Laws, and Love. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Schwalbe, M. et al. 2000. “Generic Processes in the Reproduction of Inequality: An            Interactionist Analysis.” Social Forces 79(2):419–52.