User:Carmilla613/Internalized sexism

Below are the edits I would like to make to the 'Internalized Misogyny' section of the 'Internalized Sexism' page. I welcome any feedback and constructive criticism.

Edits to the 'Internalized Misogyny' Section
Misogyny is the hatred of, contempt for, or prejudice against women or girls. Women who experience internalized misogyny may express it through minimizing the value of women, mistrusting women, and believing gender bias in favor of men. Women, after observing societal beliefs which demean the value and skills of women repeatedly, eventually internalize those misogynistic beliefs and apply them to themselves and other women. Internalized sexism can be enacted on others through assertions of incompetence, competitive banter, construction of women as competitors, construction of women as objects, and invalidation and derogation of others or oneself. (7) The implications of internalized misogyny include psychological disorders such as depression, eating disorders, low self-esteem, and less social support among women.

The Internalized Misogyny Scale (IMS) was created to assess one’s internalized misogyny.(3) It consists of 17 items measuring three factors: devaluation of women, distrust of women, and gender bias in favor of men.(3) Its validity has been assessed and supported by multiple studies.(5)(10)(11)(8) Internalized misogyny assessed by the IMS has been found to be related to lower self-esteem, less social support, and more psychological distress among women living in America(4), and to negative body image, depression, low self-esteem, and less psychosexual adjustment among lesbian and bisexual women.(3) The distrust of women subscale includes statements such as ‘It is generally safer not to trust women too much’ and ‘When it comes down to it a lot of women are deceitful.’ The devaluation of women subscale includes statements such as ‘Women seek to gain power by getting control over men’ and ‘women exaggerate problems they have at work.’ The valuing men over women subscale includes items such as ‘I prefer to work for a male boss’ and ‘The intellectual leadership of a community should be largely in the hands of men.’

Internalized misogyny may manifest differently depending on one’s social and political identities; for instance, internalized misogynoir has been identified as a type of internalized oppression which results from the combination of one’s internalized racism and internalized misogyny.(1) Similarly, lesbians may face the combined effects of internalized misogyny and internalized homophobia as a result of their intersectional identities.(3)

Sources:

1 Cook, Elizabeth S. "Creation of the Internalized Misogynoir Measure: A Qualitative Approach to Designing an Intersectional Tool for use with Black Women." Order No. 28157099, Northeastern University, 2020. http://proxy.uchicago.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/creation-internalized-misogynoir-measure/docview/2465806703/se-2.

2 Spengler, Rebecca. "Evil Woman: An Examination of Internalized Misogyny." Order No. 3664321, The Wright Institute, 2014. http://proxy.uchicago.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/evil-woman-examination-internalized-misogyny/docview/1727739400/se-2.

3 Piggot, M. (2004). Double jeopardy: Lesbians and the legacy of multiple stigmatized identities. Psychology Strand at Swinburne University of Technology, Australia: Unpublished thesis.

4 Szymanski, D. M., & Kashubeck-West, S. (2008). Mediators of the Relationship Between Internalized Oppressions and Lesbian and Bisexual Women’s Psychological Distress. The Counseling Psychologist, 36(4), 575–594. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000007309490

5 Yaman Sözbir, Ş., Vural, G. & Ünal Toprak, F. A Study for Testing the Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Internalized Misogyny Scale. Int J Ment Health Addiction 19, 1705–1715 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00257-5

6 Szymanski, D.M., Henrichs-Beck, C. Exploring Sexual Minority Women’s Experiences of External and Internalized Heterosexism and Sexism and their Links to Coping and Distress. Sex Roles 70, 28–42 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-013-0329-5

7 Bearman, Steve; Korobov, Neill; Thorne, Avril (2009). "The Fabric of Internalized Sexism" (PDF). Journal of Integrated Social Sciences. 1 (1): 10–47. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.684.5532. Internalized sexism [...] occurs when women enact learned sexist behaviors upon themselves and other women

8 Szymanski, D.M., Gupta, A., Carr, E.R. et al. Internalized Misogyny as a Moderator of the Link between Sexist Events and Women’s Psychological Distress. Sex Roles 61, 101–109 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9611-y

9 Moradi, B., & Huang, Y.-P. (2008). Objectification Theory and Psychology of Women: A Decade of Advances and Future Directions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32(4), 377–398. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00452.x

10 Costanzo, M. L. (2018). On internalized oppression and sexualized violence in college women. Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations & Professional Papers, 11264, 101.

11 Johnson, S. R. (2014). Perfectionism, the thin ideal, and disordered eating: Does internalized misogyny play a role? University of Oklahoma, Graduate College, Norman, OK.