User:Carnere

These are the paragraphs that I intend to change on the wiki page Choline.

Add new section "1 What is Choline?" "Choline is an essential nutrient. It must be consumed through the diet in order for the body to maintain healthy. It is used in the synthesis of the constructional components in the bodies cell membranes.

Choline is an important neurotransmitter and is involved in many functions including memory and muscle control. Unfortunately, dietary recommendations have discouraged people from eating high Choline foods, such as egg and fatty meats. The 2005 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey stated that only 2% of postmenopausal women consume the recommended intake for Choline.

This is what I am adding to History

Choline's importance as a nutrient was first appreciated in the early research on insulin functions when choline was found to be the necessary nutrient in preventing fatty liver. In 1975 scientists discovered that the administration of choline increased the synthesis and release of acetylcholine by neurons. These discoveries lead to the increased interest in dietary choline and brain function. Today, we know Choline to be a dietary nutrient important for all cells to function normally. We have come to learn that humans require choline in their diet in order to sustain normal life. Choline is required for synthesis of essential components of membranes and is an important source of labile methyl groups.

Add new section "2 Resent Research" A resent study in Nov 2010 by Leslie M. Fischer, Kerry Ann da Costa, Lester Kwock, Joseph Galanko, and Steven Zeisel was to test postmenopausal women with low estrogen levels and see if they were more susceptible to the risk of organ dysfunction if not given a sufficient choline filled diet. When deprived of choline in their diet almost 80% of the men and postmenopausal women developed liver or muscle damage. The study also found that young women can supply more choline because pregnancy is a time when the body's demand for choline are highest. Choline is particularly used to support the fetus's developing nervous system.

Adding a section by Fish odor Syndrome Choline Deficiency signs

Most common signs of choline deficiencies are fatty liver and hemorrhagic kidney necrosis. Dietary intake of a choline full diet can reduce the severity of the deficiency. A study of this on animals has created some controversy due to the inconsistency in dietary modifying factors. Choline deficiency in animals compromises renal function. Choline low diets can also cause infertility, growth impairment, bone abnormalities, and hypertension. A experiment established the required choline in the diet for normal humans by having healthy humans fed a choline deficient diet they developed biochemical changes consistent with choline deficiency. Choline deficiency is considered to both initiate and promote cancer activities.

Adding a section about Choline, pregnancy, and the brain

Choline is necessary for brain development at any stage of pregnancy and even after birth and into adulthood. Deficiency during the late stages of pregnancies can cause irreversible changes including altered long-term potentiation and altered memory. Animal testing on mice proved this. Mother mice were given either a choline deficient diet or choline filled. The test showed that mice off-spring of choline deficient mothers had a harder time finishing the Morris water maze, proving lack of choline during pregnancy caused memory deficit. At birth infants have a much higher plasma choline concentration then adults during this period the capacity of the brain to extract choline from the blood stream is greatest. Breast milk contains large amounts of choline. An observation of a study on rats showed that choline during two sensitive periods in development of a rat brain showed that the rats showed improvement in performance at all training stages for the 12-arm radial maze.

New section:

Necessary Choline for Humans The average choline dietary in an adult human is about 7-10 mmol/day. A human infant consumes a great amount of choline from breast milk, which contains 1.5 mmol/L choline. An infant can ingest about 750μmol Choline. It is for this reason Choline has routinely been added to baby formula. The choline demand in a normal adult is likely to be smaller then for an infant as most of the infants choline needs to be used to develop organs in it’s growing body, especially the brain.