User:Carol241/Hominini

Lineage
Hominin lineage began when the Pan and Homo lineage split. This occurred approximately 5Ma years ago, Ardipithecus were first to develop after the split.


 * Ardipithicus Kadaba Aprox. ~5.6 Ma
 * Ardipithecus ramidus Aprox. 4.3-4.5 Ma

Followed by Australopithecine (Australopithecus)


 * Australopithecus africanus 3.3–2.1 Ma
 * Australopithecus deyiremeda 3.5-3.3 Ma
 * Australopithecus garhi ~2.5 Ma
 * Australopithecus sediba ~2 Ma
 * Australopithecus aferensis 3.9-2.9 Ma
 * Australopithecus anamensis 4.2-3.8 Ma
 * Australopithecus bahrelghazali ~3.6 Ma

According to Ben Jeffares Paranthropines (Paranthropus) a now extinct group developed alongside early Homo Genus


 * Paranthropus robustus 2-1.2 Ma
 * Paranthropus boisei 2.3-1.4 Ma
 * Paranthropus aethiopicus 2.7-2.3 Ma

Homo


 * H. habilis 2.8-1.4 Ma
 * H. rudolfensis 1.9-1.6 Ma
 * H. erectus 1.8-1.25 Ma
 * H. antecessor 1.2 Ma–500 ka
 * H. heidelbergensis 800,000 to about 300,000 ka
 * H. rhodesiensis 300,000–125,000 ka

Many anthropologists and archaeologist have hypothesized that climate change over time helped aide the spread and evolution of these variations. There is evidence that ecological changes and variability allowed for Hominin speciation. Climate was varying every 100 ka which contributed to fauna abundances and Hominin evolution. According to R. Bobe study of fauna changes in Omo valley in Africa there is evidence of fauna evolution contributing to Hominin evolution, some taxa found include Paranthropus aethiopicus. This species is recognized by its features to be a transitional species, features like a larger zygomatic arch, extended ramus of the mandible, and a more prognathic face. the increased variability in the environment was a contributing factor to the genus Homo in Omo and in other parts of Africa.

Hominins were able to speciate all over Africa and subsequently the world due to unique environments that allowed for evolution of Hominins. Richard Potts helps explain it, evolutionary events that define any given clade, including hominins, are comprised of recurrent instances of adaptive change, multiple episodes of speciation and extinction,and a series of biogeographic events that can be examined in relation to various types of environmental change or shifts in climate mode. as climate began to change species needed to adapt to their environment. rain was more prevalent in some areas that flora and fauna were abundant in some regions allowing Hominins to develop teeth to eat roots and leaves. Their bodies adapted to their environment as well, longer arms were needed to climb trees and retrieve the nutrients on top leaves, smaller bodies to allow them the agility to climb. Bipedalism was not necessary to reach food sources. As climates varied over time environments continued to change and new adaptations were needed. Hominins that had not adapted went extent and new species began to grow and spread over wider regions of the country and the world.

These evolutionary changes were slow and were tied to their environment which in turn was tied to climate changes. Hominins began to travel to different environments forage in one, take refuge in another. Through evolutionary changes, cranial capacities began to grow and new skills were gained to allow for their survival tool use was introduced. New environments produced new threats and new opportunities for continued survival.