User:Carr63/sandbox

Article Evaluation
As for articles have chosen the Kulak Page, as we went over this in week 2's reading and the film Earth, demonstrated the Kulak's as the antagonist. Seeing as the peasant class was divided into 3 sections, Stalin aided this separation, to ensure support for communism. He figured having the lower classes against the Kulak's, he could gain their land and property, which he coverall did with collectivization. The article does a great job with facts, and not siding with the Kulak's or against them. The sources are well done, with various books and historians being used, and not having one source for all the information.

Project
Our group has decided to work on the First Five-Year Plan. As members in my group have decided to do: industrial achievements, successes, and failures; I am looking in the direction of the "economy," as my topic. I believe that topic will aid in bringing together they other 3 topics, as a reason to answering why the FYP plan happened, and how well it did. Also, having the subsection of economy, will aid in the other sections not having to be do lengthy, better for prioritizing. I believe these articles are a good start to beginning my research.

Bu, Liping, and Elizabeth Fee. “Get Well and Go Back to Work!” American Journal of Public Health, vol. 101, no. S1, 2011, p. S165., doi:10.2105/AJPH.2010.300007.

Qian, Zhu. “From the First Five-Year Plan to the Cultural Revolution: the Pre-Reform Urban Transformation of Hangzhou, China.” Planning Perspectives, 2015, pp. 1–25., doi:10.1080/02665433.2014.995694.

STATE PLANNING COMMISSION OF THE U. S. S. R. Summary of the Fulfillment of the First Five-Year Plan for the Development of the National Economy of Russia. Pp. x, 296. Moscow, 1933

editing collectivization section sources
 * UPDATE 4-7-2018

Works Cited

“Collective Farms and Russian Peasant Society, 1933-1937: The Stabilization of the Kolkhoz Order.” ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1990.

Economakis, E. “Soviet Interpretations of Collectivization.” Slavonic and East European Review, vol. 69, no. 2, 1991, pp. 257–281.

Fitzpatrick, Sheila. “The Question of Social Support for Collectivization.” Russian History, vol. 37, no. 2, 2010, pp. 153–177., doi:10.1163/187633110X494670.

Livi-Bacci, M. “On the Human Costs of Collectivization in the Soviet Union.” Population & Development Review, vol. 19, no. 4, 1993, pp. 743–766., doi:10.2307/2938412.

Millar, James R. “Mass Collectivization and the Contribution of Soviet Agriculture to the First Five-Year Plan: A Review Article.” Slavic Review, vol. 33, no. 4, 1974, pp. 750–766., doi:10.2307/2494513.

Article Draft [Agricultural collectivization]

 * Original ARTICLE

The first five-year plan also began a period of rapid agricultural collectivization in the Soviet Union. One reason for the collectivization of Soviet agriculture was to increase the number of industrial workers for the new factories. Soviet officials also believed that collectivization would increase crop yields and help fund other programs. The Soviets enacted a land decree in 1917 that eliminated private ownership of land. This agricultural collectivization was however a failure for the Soviets. Vladimir Lenin tried to establish removal of grain from wealthier peasants after the initial failure of state farms but this was also unsuccessful. Peasants were mainly concerned for their own well being and felt that the state had nothing of necessity to offer for the grain. This stock piling of grain by the peasantry left millions of people in the city hungry leading Lenin to establish his New Economic Policy to keep the economy from crashing. NEP was based more on capitalism and not socialism, which is the direction the country wanted to head toward. Stalin's extreme push during his first five year plan and force collectivization was partly in response to his distaste for the NEP.

At the end of 1929 the Soviets asserted themselves to forming collectivized peasant agriculture, but the “Kulaks” had to be “liquidated as a class,” because of their resistance to fixed agricultural prices. Resulting from this, the party behavior became uncontrolled and manic when the party began to requisition food from the countryside. Kulaks were executed, exiled or deported, based on their level of resistance to collectivization. The kulaks who were considered "counter-revolutionary" were executed or exiled, those who opposed collectivization were deported to remote regions and the rest were resettled to non arable land in the same region. In the years following the agricultural collectivization, the reforms would disrupt the Soviet food supply. In turn, this disruption would eventually lead to famines for the many years following the first five-year plan, with 3-4 million dying from starvation in 1933.

The first five-year plan also began a period of rapid agricultural collectivization in the Soviet Union. One reason for the collectivization of Soviet agriculture was to increase the number of industrial workers for the new factories. Following rapid industrialization was urbanization; the anticipated growth in consumption led to collectivization. Collectivization being a system in which grain was taken from the peasants, with little to no compensation. To be more specific to the FYP, collectivization was the recruitment of peasants, and then later on whole villages to join the kolkhoz. Once they joined the kolkhoz, land became communal, which allowed for more crops to be farmed, with land bednyak and serednyak had not had access to prior; this become, more, a state reform of peasant agriculture. Soviet officials also believed that collectivization would increase crop yields and help fund other programs. The Soviets enacted a land decree in 1917 that eliminated private ownership of land. This agricultural collectivization was however a failure for the Soviets. Those supported collectivization were the two lowest peasant groups: bednyak, or poor peasants; serednyak, or mid-income peasants. Vladimir Lenin tried to establish removal of grain from wealthier peasants after the initial failure of state farms but this was also unsuccessful. Peasants were mainly concerned for their own well being and felt that the state had nothing of necessity to offer for the grain. This stock piling of grain by the peasantry left millions of people in the city hungry leading Lenin to establish his New Economic Policy to keep the economy from crashing. NEP was based more on capitalism and not socialism, which is the direction the country wanted to head toward. Stalin's extreme push during his first five year plan and force collectivization was partly in response to his distaste for the NEP.
 * EDITED ARTICLE (work in progress)

At the end of 1929 the Soviets asserted themselves to forming collectivized peasant agriculture, but the “Kulaks” had to be “liquidated as a class,” because of their resistance to fixed agricultural prices. Resulting from this, the party behavior became uncontrolled and manic when the party began to requisition food from the countryside. Kulaks were executed, exiled or deported, based on their level of resistance to collectivization. The kulaks who were considered "counter-revolutionary" were executed or exiled, those who opposed collectivization were deported to remote regions and the rest were resettled to non arable land in the same region. In the years following the agricultural collectivization, the reforms would disrupt the Soviet food supply. In turn, this disruption would eventually lead to famines for the many years following the first five-year plan, with 3-4 million dying from starvation in 1933.

EDITED ARTICLE (Final-Draft)
Agricultural collectivization, within Russia, had its origins under Lenin during the NEP. With the rapid industrialization, and mass urbanization that followed, consumption was to increase rapidly as well. Need for urban dwellers to be fed, the FYP increased collectivization, leading to its recognition be largely associated with Stalin. Beginning in 1929 under the FYP, mass collectivization was communal farms being assigned an amount of agricultural output with government coercion. Villages had to agree to collectivization, some collectivization planners would holding endless meetings that would not end until villages joined; another tactic was through intimidation and coercion. Mass agricultural collectivization was largely supported by the middle and poor peasantry As the peasant class itself was divided into three groups: kulaks, wealthy; serednyak, middle; bednyak, poor. The middle and lower class supported collectivization, because it took private land from individual Kulak’s, and distributed it among the serednyak and bednyak’s villages. With the serednyak and bednyak joining collectivization they were also joining a kohloz. The kulaks did not support mass collectivization, as their land was being taken from them as well as their animals. Many killed their own animals, rather than give them up; this rebellion against the kohloz, led them to becoming an enemy of socialism and started the dekulakization;kulak’s were arrested, deported, or killed for their property

Although Stalin reported in 1930 that collectivization was aiding the country, it must be noted that this was the era of exaggeration. Collectivization was under-planned, lack of instructions, and unrealistic quotas were the reality. With lack of a foundation, collectivization led to the Famine of 1931-33 in Kazakhstan, the region once being a major grain producer. Farmers of Kazakhstan rejected collectivization, and protested, while Stalin raised quotas, meaning peasants would not be able to eat and would psychologically break them. Those who did not give up their grain were considered breaking Soviet law, which caused the famine. Death rates are estimated between 6 - 7 million. Stain’s second wife Nadezhda Alliluyeva, committed suicide do to the atrocities of collectivization, particular the famine. By the end of the FYP, agricultural collectivization showed minimal growth in production as well as profits.

EDITED ARTICLE (Final)
Agricultural collectivization, within Russia, had its origins under Lenin during the NEP. One reason for the collectivization of Soviet agriculture was to increase the number of industrial workers for the new factories. Soviet officials also believed that collectivization would increase crop yields and help fund other programs. The Soviets enacted a land decree in 1917 that eliminated private ownership of land. Vladimir Lenin tried to establish removal of grain from wealthier peasants after the initial failure of state farms but this was also unsuccessful. Peasants were mainly concerned for their own well being and felt that the state had nothing of necessity to offer for the grain. This stock piling of grain by the peasantry left millions of people in the city hungry leading Lenin to establish his New Economic Policy to keep the economy from crashing. NEP was based more on capitalism and not socialism, which is the direction the country wanted to head toward. By 1928, with the rapid industrialization, and mass urbanization that followed, consumption was to increase rapidly as well. Need for urban dwellers to be fed, the FYP increased collectivization, leading to its recognition be largely associated with Stalin. Beginning in 1929 under the FYP, mass collectivization was communal farms being assigned an amount of agricultural output with government coercion. Villages had to agree to collectivization, some collectivization planners would holding endless meetings that would not end until villages joined; another tactic was through intimidation and coercion. Mass agricultural collectivization was largely supported by the middle and poor peasantry As the peasant class itself was divided into three groups: kulaks, wealthy; serednyak, middle; bednyak, poor. The middle and lower class supported collectivization, because it took private land from individual Kulak’s, and distributed it among the serednyak and bednyak’s villages. With the serednyak and bednyak joining collectivization they were also joining a kohloz. The kulaks did not support mass collectivization, as their land was being taken from them as well as their animals. At the end of 1929 the Soviets asserted themselves to forming collectivized peasant agriculture, but the “Kulaks” had to be “liquidated as a class,” because of their resistance to fixed agricultural prices. Resulting from this, the party behavior became uncontrolled and manic when the party began to requisition food from the countryside. Kulaks were executed, exiled or deported, based on their level of resistance to collectivization. The kulaks who were considered "counter-revolutionary" were executed or exiled, those who opposed collectivization were deported to remote regions and the rest were resettled to non arable land in the same region. In the years following the agricultural collectivization, the reforms would disrupt the Soviet food supply. In turn, this disruption would eventually lead to famines for the many years following the first five-year plan, with 6-7 million dying from starvation in 1933.

Although Stalin reported in 1930 that collectivization was aiding the country, it must be noted that this was the era of exaggeration. Collectivization was under-planned, lack of instructions, and unrealistic quotas were the reality. With lack of a foundation, collectivization led to the Famine of 1931-33 in Kazakhstan, the region once being a major grain producer. Farmers of Kazakhstan rejected collectivization, and protested, while Stalin raised quotas, meaning peasants would not be able to eat and would psychologically break them. Those who did not give up their grain were considered breaking Soviet law, which caused the famine. Death rates are estimated between 6 - 7 million. Stain’s second wife Nadezhda Alliluyeva, committed suicide do to the atrocities of collectivization, particular the famine. By the end of the FYP, agricultural collectivization showed minimal growth in production as well as profits, agricultural collectivization was a failure for the Soviets.