User:CarrNayeli/sandbox

(Under competition and criminality)
Testosterone changes in response to competition have supported the challenge hypothesis which state that men's testosterone levels increase in response to stimuli. Using the likert scale to assess dominance and masculinity has demonstrated that winners of sumo match guessing results had an increase of 14.6% in testosterone levels in response to winning, and that losers had a 3.3% lower increase in testosterone compared to winners. The challenge hypothesis was also supported through the stimuli of using a gun. Gun users had increased testosterone levels due to aggression as a reaction to status and competition threat. Gun users showed more aggression which led to an increase in testosterone in comparison to users who used a fake toy gun.

(New paragraph under competition- for females)
There are differences in testosterone levels between males and females that have been suggested to be influenced by social and heritability factors. Males and females have an increase in testosterone levels for distinct reasons. Rise in testosterone for females is attributed to team bonding, and male's increase in testosterone is attributed to aggression in response to perceived threat of competition or status. The findings for female's increased testosterone levels are in line with the proposed "tend-and-befriend" strategy which states that females strive to maintain and create relationships to ensure their reproductive fitness and survival of themselves and their offspring. Western sex differences in testosterone levels are also influenced by society's gender norms regarding feminine and masculine behaviors. Testosterone increases in both sexes regardless of whether an action is performed in a more masculine or feminine manner. It was found that the increase in testosterone was influenced by society's stereotyped behavior and that males are associated with having higher and more frequent increases in testosterone levels due to society's expectations for them to engage in more testosterone-altering activities.