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"Biomedical science" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Biomedical research.

See also: Biomedicine

A biochemist engaged in bench research

Biomedical sciences are a set of sciences applying portions of natural science or formal science, or both, to knowledge, interventions, or technology that are of use in healthcare or public health. Such disciplines as medical microbiology, clinical virology, clinical epidemiology, genetic epidemiology, and biomedical engineering are medical sciences. In explaining physiological mechanisms operating in pathological processes, however, pathophysiology can be regarded as basic science.

Biomedical Sciences, as defined by the UK Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education Benchmark Statement in 2015, includes those science disciplines whose primary focus is the biology of human health and disease and ranges from the generic study of biomedical sciences and human biology to more specialised subject areas such as pharmacology, human physiology and human nutrition. It is underpinned by relevant basic sciences including anatomy and physiology, cell biology, biochemistry, microbiology, genetics and molecular biology, immunology, mathematics and statistics, and bioinformatics. As such the biomedical sciences have a much wider range of academic and research activities and economic significance than that defined by hospital laboratory sciences. Biomedical Sciences are the major focus of bioscience research and funding in the 21st century.

Contents


 * 1
 * Roles within biomedical science
 * 1.1
 * Life sciences specialties
 * 1.2
 * Physiological science specialisms
 * 1.3
 * Physics and bioengineering specialisms
 * 2
 * Biomedical science in the United Kingdom
 * 3
 * Biomedical Science in the 20th Century
 * 3.1
 * 1910s
 * 3.2
 * 1920s
 * 3.3
 * 1930s
 * 3.4
 * 1940s
 * 3.5
 * 1950s
 * 4
 * See also
 * 5
 * References
 * 6
 * External links
 * 3.5
 * 1950s
 * 4
 * See also
 * 5
 * References
 * 6
 * External links
 * 6
 * External links
 * External links

A sub-set of biomedical sciences is the science of clinical laboratory diagnosis. This is commonly referred to in the UK as 'biomedical science' or 'healthcare science'. There are at least 45 different specialisms within healthcare science, which are traditionally grouped into three main divisions:


 * specialisms involving life sciences
 * specialisms involving physiological science
 * specialisms involving medical physics or bioengineering


 * Molecular toxicology
 * Molecular pathology
 * Blood transfusion science
 * Cervical cytology
 * Clinical biochemistry
 * Clinical embryology
 * Clinical immunology
 * Electron microscopy
 * External quality assurance
 * Haematology
 * Haemostasis and thrombosis
 * Histocompatibility and immunogenetics
 * Histopathology and cytopathology
 * Molecular genetics and cytogenetics
 * Molecular biology and cell biology
 * Microbiology including mycology
 * Bacteriology
 * Tropical diseases
 * Phlebotomy
 * Tissue banking/transplant
 * Virology


 * Audiology and hearing therapy
 * Autonomic neurovascular function
 * Cardiac physiology
 * Clinical perfusion
 * Critical care science
 * Gastrointestinal physiology
 * Neurophysiology
 * Ophthalmic and vision science
 * Respiratory and sleep physiology
 * Urology
 * Vascular science


 * Biomechanical engineering
 * Biomedical engineering
 * Clinical engineering
 * Clinical measurement
 * Diagnostic radiology
 * Equipment management
 * Maxillofacial prosthetics
 * Medical electronics
 * Medical engineering design
 * Medical illustration and clinical photography
 * Non-ionising radiation
 * Nuclear medicine
 * Radiopharmacy
 * Radiation protection and monitoring
 * Radiotherapy physics
 * Rehabilitation engineering
 * Renal technology and science
 * Ultrasound

Biomedical Science in the 20th Century

At this point in history the field of medicine was the most prevalent sub field of biomedical science, as several breakthroughs on how to treat diseases and help the immune system were made. As well as the birth of body augmentations.

1910s

In 1912 the Institute of Biomedical Science was founded in the United Kingdom. The institute is still standing today and still regularly publishes works in the major breakthroughs in disease treatments and other breakthroughs in the field 117 years later. The IBMS today represents approximately 20,000 members employed mainly in National Health Service and private laboratories. The National Health Service is the health care system for the United Kingdom. It is important to make note and acknowledge the United Kingdom because it is where the first breakthrough of biomedical science occured.

1920s

In 1928 British Scientist Alexander Flemming created the first antibiotic penicillin. This was a huge breakthrough in biomedical science because it allowed for the treatment of bacterial infections.

In 1926 the first artificial pacemaker was made by Australian physician Dr. Mark C. Lidwell. This portable machine was plugged into a lighting point. One pole was applied to a skin pad soaked with strong salt solution, while the other consisted of a needle insulated up to the point and was plunged into the appropriate cardiac chamber and the machine started. A switch was incorporated to change the polarity. The pacemaker rate ranged from about 80 to 120 pulses per minute and the voltage also variable from 1.5 to 120 volts.

1930s

The 1930s was a huge era for biomedical research, as this was the era where antibiotics became more widespread and vaccines started to be developed. In 1935 the idea of a polio vaccine was introduced by Dr. Maurice Brodie. Brodie prepared a killed poliomyelitis vaccine, which he then tested on chimpanzees, himself, and several children. Brodie's vaccine trials did not go well since the polio-virus became active in a lot of the human test subjects. Many of the subjects had fatal side effects, paralyzing and causing death.

The very first antibacterial took place in the 1930’s, called Prontosil. Gerhard Domagk developed this sulfonamide (Sneader), which is a synthetic drug of any class that prevents the multiplication of some pathogenic bacteria (National Institutes of Health)

1940s

During and after World War II, the field of biomedical science saw a new age of technology and treatment methods. For instance in 1941 the first hormonal treatment for prostate cancer was implemented by Urologist and cancer researcher Charles B. Huggins. Huggins discovered that if you remove the testicles from a man with prostate cancer, the cancer had nowhere to spread, and nothing to feed on thus putting the subject into remission. This advancement led to the development of hormonal blocking drugs, which is less invasive and still used today. At the tail end of this decade, the first bone marrow transplant was done on a mouse in 1949. The surgery was conducted by Dr. Leon O. Jacobson, he discovered that he could transplant bone marrow and spleen tissues in a mouse that had both no bone marrow and a destroyed spleen. The procedure is still used in modern medicine today and is responsible for saving countless lives.

1950s

Upon the settling of World War II, a vaccine for Polio was found and paved the way for modern day medicine in the realm of viral infection antidotes. Polio (poliomyelitis) is a life-threatening, highly infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. It is spread from person-to-person and infects one’s spinal cord causing paralysis (can't move parts of the body). On March 6, 1953 Dr. Jonas Salk announced the completion of the first successful killed-virus Polio vaccine. This vaccine contained live attenuated (weakened) virus, and is given orally. The vaccine was tested on about 1.6 million Canadian, American, and Finnish children in 1954. The vaccine was announced as safe on April 12, 1955. The large-scale IPV began in February, 1954 where it was administered to all American school-children. In the following years, cases of Polio in the United States fell from 18 cases per 100,000 people to fewer than 2 per 100,000.

1960-1970s

Major advances were made in the 1960s in the understanding of transfer RNA and genetic code. In the 1960s, the first artificial heart was developed along with the first minimally invasive surgical procedure-- the balloon embolectomy catheter (Search Campus and Health News). Scientists created synthetic insulin for the first time in the 1960s, then in the 1970s, production of synthetic insulin made lifesaving treatment available to diabetics (Search Campus and Health News). The first liver and heart transplants in humans were successfully completed in the 1960s. Vaccines made included: measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, pneumonia, and meningitis throughout 1960-1970s (Medical Advances Timeline).

During the 1970s, new cancer treatments were developed, and chemotherapy started being used more in cancer treatments, especially in breast cancer. New drugs were created in this time, including Cyclosporin, which was a breakthrough in the medical field with its abilities to prevent immune rejection of tissue grafts and organ transplants. Another drug, Rifampicin, was created and used for treating tuberculosis. A histamine blocker, cimetidine, started being used for peptic ulcer treatments. (The Pharmaceutical Century).

1980-1990s

The 1980’s were riddled with biomedical advancements that were made possible by technology. In 1982, the first artificial heart was implanted into a human. Previously, artificial hearts were used to give a patient more time to wait for a real heart, but the Jarvik-7, invented by Robert Jarvik, was the first successful cardiac implant on a patient (Jarvik). Following the artificial heart, two years later in 1984, Alec Jeffreys recognized that humans have unique and specific DNA. This led Jeffreys to invent DNA Fingerprinting by isolating human DNA and sequencing it by running it through a gel electrophoresis cycle (Genome.gov). The 1980’s also provided personal medicines for certain addictions or imperfections. For example, 1985 provided humans with the first Nicotine Patch which helped organisms wean off of nicotine addictions, and 1987 provided humans with the first version of contact lenses.

The 1990’s however were the essential building blocks to a large percentage of discoveries and inventions in the more recent decades. In 1990, the World Wide Web was invented by Timothy John Berners-Lee which gave scientists and doctors the ability to share info widely and quickly (Web Foundation). Shortly thereafter, scientists at The Roslin Institute were able to clone a sheep (Dolly the Sheep) in 1996 using only (sheep) adult cells, which proved the idea of specialized cells. In the same year, NASA began construction of the International Space Station, which was a leading step in space exploration (NASA.gov). And the following year, 1997, was marked by the NASA rover named Sojourner landing on Mars and beginning its study of the atmosphere and Mars geology.

2000-2010s

The early 2000’s was mostly recognized in the realm of biological sciences in that it did not provide many new biological concepts, rather; biologists built off of the plethora of knowledge that was provided (J Gen Physiol 410). Harry A. Fozzard (2003) used the prior knowledge of heart muscle cells ion concentrations to further explain how our muscles physically use these voltage-gated ion channels to elicit electrical signals within heart muscle cells (J Gen Physiol 412).This discovery was essential to the later breakthroughs of understanding how and why our heart muscle contraction is extremely regulated by the exchange of charges within the ion channels. (J Gen Physiol 413-421).

The most prevalent findings of the 2000’s was most widely known as the Human Genome project of 2000. The International Human Genome Project (2000) was the first draft involving the human genome released to the general public and entailed the complete 23,000 known human genes and their general function (Med Res Rev 189). This information allowed for the development of thousands of gene therapy drugs, including genetic tests that can insert specific genes that greatly-lower the chance of developing prostate cancer (Med Res Rev 190-96). Twenty years later, scientists are still constantly racing to develop this type of preventative medicine with the goal of a healthier and longer life for humans.

2020

In the short time spent in present day 2020, scientists and researchers have already made multiple breakthroughs, or found a path that could lead to evolutionary breakthroughs. One advancement that can help grow our economy by making more green fuels,  is that scientists from Michigan State University have found specific proteins that can induce algae into a sleeping state (NSF). Biofuels are made out of Triacylglycerols, when algae is in hibernation, they produce triacylglycerols as a form of reserving their energy (NSF).

Discoveries that our world is looking forward to for the biomedical field have a lot to do with medicine. Our scientists are working on new vaccines that could be all-embracing for the flu (Staff, 2). Having a universal shot to fight off the sickness we catch each year could be revolutionary, not needing to attend the doctors persistently every time flu season comes around, but instead having one shot that could last through great lengths (Staff, 4). This decade is showing promising advances that can and will change the way we see science.


 * Academic health science centre
 * Biomedical research
 * Biomedical technology
 * Health Sciences Descriptors
 * Healthcare science
 * Medical diagnosis
 * Medical laboratory
 * Medical scientist
 * Public health
 * Publicly funded health care


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the Next Decade.


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