User:Castec/sandbox2

Symptoms
Children with a learning disorder may display the following traits:
 * have trouble reading aloud
 * have trouble spelling, expressing themselves in writing, or in learning the alphabet
 * have trouble following directions
 * may have trouble comprehending what he or she reads
 * have trouble remembering how to pronounce written words
 * may have trouble organizing their thoughts to produce what he or she wants to say
 * may misinterpret or confuse math symbols or numbers
 * may not be able to retell a story in order
 * may have trouble beginning or figuring out the next step of a task

Symptoms
Children with pervasive developmental disorders may exhibit the following symptoms:
 * have trouble expressing or understanding ideas
 * have trouble understanding non-verbal communication
 * difficulty in social interactions
 * temper tantrums
 * aggressive behavior
 * may play differently with toys than other children
 * may have difficulty adjusting to new places or people
 * anxious behavior

Symptoms
Children with Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders may show the following symptoms:
 * impulsivity or distractibility
 * difficulty socializing
 * aggressive behavior
 * difficulty following rules or directions
 * difficulty completing a task
 * problems at school
 * frustration
 * alcohol or drug use

Symptoms
Children with a tic disorder may exhibit the following symptoms:
 * overwhelming urge to make movement
 * jerking of arms
 * clenching of fists
 * excessive eye blinking
 * shrugging of shoulders
 * kicking
 * raising eyebrows
 * flaring of nostrils
 * production of repetitive noises such as grunting, clicking, moaning, snorting, squealing, or throat clearing

Symptoms
Separation anxiety disorder
 * excessive stress when separated from home or family
 * fear of being alone
 * refusal to sleep alone
 * clinginess
 * excessive worry about safety
 * excessive worry about getting lost
 * frequent medical complaints with no cause
 * refusal to go to school

Selective mutism
 * unable to speak in certain social situations, even though they are comfortable speaking at home or with friends
 * difficulty maintaining eye contact
 * may have blank facial expressions
 * stiff body movements
 * may have a worrisome personality
 * may be incredibly sensitive to sound
 * difficulty with verbal and non-verbal expression
 * may appear shy, when in reality, they have a fear of people.

Reactive attachment disorder of infancy or early childhood
 * withdrawing from others
 * aggressive attitude towards peers
 * awkwardness or discomfort
 * watching others but not engaging in social interaction

Stereotypic movement disorder
 * head banging
 * nail biting
 * hitting or biting oneself
 * hand waving or shaking
 * rocking back and forth

Treatment
Separation anxiety disorder Selective mutism Reactive attachment disorder of infancy or early childhood Stereotypic movement disorder
 * Cognitive behavioral therapy is oftentimes used to treat separation anxiety disorder. Family therapy may also be helpful to get to the core of the issue.  Systemic desensitization techniques are usually used to help the child get used to being comfortable away from home.
 * It is important not to "enable" the child with selective mutism by allowing them to remain silent in the social settings that they are uncomfortable in. Both parents and teachers need to be involved in the treatment of selective mutism.  The most important factor to remember is that the child does not have a speech disorder; it is an anxiety disorder.
 * Treatment almost always involves the child and his or her parents or caregivers. Parents may need to take parenting skills classes and attend family therapy with the child.  Individual therapy with the child and therapist is effective.  Another technique is keeping close physical contact between the child and his or her parents.
 * Behavioral techniques and psychotherapy are the most effective treatment for children with this disorder. It is important to change the child's environment so that they are unable to harm themselves.  Medication is also effective.