User:Cat4242/sandbox

= Prevention Through Deterrence = Prevention Through Deterrence is the strategic use of inhospitable environments to deter the crossing into territory owned by another nation. First introduced in a document entitled "Border Patrol Strategic Plan 1994 and Beyond" this policy has since been used to police high traffic areas of the Mexico–United States border. By placing a multitude of United States Border Patrol agents along urban ports of entry migrants seeking to enter the United States are deterred into hostile terrain less suitable for crossing.

Since it's institution an estimated 10,000 migrants passing through Mexico have lost their lives in an attempt to cross through the Sonoran Desert into the United States. The Secretariat of Foreign Affairs (Mexico) places the number of deaths at roughly 450 per year (including migrant deaths on both the US and Mexican territory).

United States
sandbox work

Necropolitics (CONNOR/AUTUMN)


 * History
 * Sovereignty, as it pertains to necropolitics, has two main ingredients; necropower and territoriality. The sovereign authority controls both territory (territoriality) and the mortality of those within that territory (necropower).
 * Sole expression of sovereignty resides to a large degree, in the power and the capacity to dictate who may live and die
 * Mass graves are defined by Antonius C.G.M. Robben as the burial of one or more individuals in an informal and nameless manner. However different individuals may apply diverse definitions and meanings to mass graves.
 * By condemning individuals to a clandestine termination they, and the people who knew them, are stripped of spiritual and emotional closure. The people, who are buried traditionally, then become hierarchically superior to those who lay in unmarked graves.
 * These belittled individuals are dehumanized and their communities are disempowered. This process, which threatens migrants considering an extralegal border crossing, is an integrated facet of prevention through deterrence.
 * Necropolitics also serves as a way to shape a "collective memory."
 * Memory can be more transient than we consider it and an infinite number of interpretations can be imagined about the significance of human remains for example. However, a national narrative can be constructed that emphasizes and neglects particular details of a historical tragedy.
 * Over the past 20 years the United States government has been erasing evidence of extralegal crossings at the southern border. Functioning as the final aspect of the 'hybrid collectif', physical proof and social awareness of migrants and more broadly PTD are obliterated. As Paul Farmer pointed out, this is an imperative technique used by authoritative structures to establish a particular historical account.
 * Necroviolence is violence produced by the unethical treatment of corpses in means to be offensive, inhumane, or sacrilegious toward a victim as an individual or group.
 * Prevention through deterrence is posed by the United States Government as an effective way to hinder the flow of migrants crossing the border; however, the way that success is perceived seems to differ. The death tole resulting from the prevention through deterrence process is considered evidence of success according to the Government Accountability Office in 1997.
 * However, migrants seem to be willing to risk death and other trauma for a myriad of reasons, including reuniting with family in friends, and therefore PTD does not seem to efficiently deter migrants.


 * The Sonoran Desert region of the United States and Mexico