User:Catherine.lewis/sandbox

PEER REVIEW ROUGH DRAFT

HISTORY

Lillias Anna Hamilton was a physician and writer. She was born on 7 February 1858 at Tomabil station, New South Wales, Australia. She was the eldest of four daughters and the third of the eight children of Hugh Hamilton (1822-1900) and Margaret Clunes (1829–1909). Her father was a farmer from Ayrshire, Scotland, and her mother was the daughter of George Innes of Yarrow from New South Wales.

CHILDHOOD

Little is known about Lillias's childhood except that she was two when the family left Australia and settled, nominally, in Ayr, Scotland. The Hamilton's continued to travel until they moved to Cheltenham in 1874. Lillias attended the Ladies' College of Cheltenham for four years. Hamilton began to travel and even worked as a teacher, but in 1883, she began training as a nurse at the Liverpool workhouse infirmary.

ON BECOMING A DOCTOR

In 1886, Hamilton decided to become a doctor, and enrolled at the London School of Medicine for Women. She obtained her LRCP and LRCS at Edinburgh in 1890. It was here that she met Colonel Joubert of the Indian Medical Service who introduced her to the opportunity of working abroad.

Lillias Hamilton was part of the first European generation of female physicians. Therefore, most of these women faced challenges in establishing private practice in most cities, and it was seemingly even possible through universities. Therefore, many of these female physicians (such as Dorothée Chellier and Françoise Legey) chose to practice overseas to places like Morrocco and Alergia (respectively). Overseas, these women were able to take more initiative and demonstrate their talent as in times of war.

Despite much prejudice against female physicians practicing in Europe, there was a substantial need for female doctors in India, as religious custom and practice deprived many women of proper medical care. Lillias acquired her M.D. in Brussels and promptly left for Calcutta.

PROFESSIONAL MEDICAL PRACTICE: AFGHANISTAN & INDIA

With help from Colonel Joubert, but without a government appointment or support of any missionary or philanthropic society (unlike the few other foreign women doctors in the country) Lillias established a successful private medical practice. She held the post of medical officer at the Lady Dufferin Zenana [Women's] Hospital in Calcutta. Her career changed drastically in the spring of 1894 when she moved to Kabul, Afghanistan.

Lillias was invited by the Amir, Abdur Rahman, to spend six months in Kabul. He paid for all of her expenses. After she successfully treated the Amir in October 1894, Hamilton became his personal physician for three years to follow. Afghanistan was an inhospitable place for a European, especially a woman, to be.

WRITING

Hamilton was a prolific journalist and the author of two fiction books. She had unpublished work called; ‘The power that walks in darkness’, in which she expressed her serious reservations about the Amir’s often muddled reforms and his ‘iron rule’. Even with the Amir's protection, her work still posed a threat to her own life, and she knew that a loss of the Amir’s protection or a wrong move on her part could result in her execution

Her work, A Vizier’s Daughter was a fictional account of her time in Afghanistan in which she challenged “Islamic Stipulations,” with sarcasm and perspectives on the Amir, male and female roles in this culture of Afghanistan.

In terms of her medical work, Lillias made a significant impact on the health of the Afghan population. Not only did she establish a hospital in Kabul, but she was also responsible for introducing vaccination into the country. She expanded on techniques of treatment including maintenance of the four humors of the body based on traditional beliefs and treatments in the Qaran.

RETURN TO ENGLAND

By late 1896, Hamilton fled the country due to the threat and danger of her controversial writing and work. Once home in England, she redirected her attention to the predicament of homeless women’s treatment, and in 1897, she co-founded the Victoria Women's Settlement in Liverpool. Soon after, she returned to private practice, setting up a nursing home in London.

Hamilton and one of her brothers established a farm in the Transvaal. After two trips there, Lillias gave up active medical practice, and she began to travel again. In 1908, she applied and was accepted as warden of Studley College, Warwick. This college was established in 1898 to train women for careers in agriculture and horticulture. She maintained tenure until she retired in 1924. During this time, she also volunteered her medical services to the Wounded Allies Relief Committee in 1915, and ran a hospital in Podgoritza, Montenegro.

During this period she was also an active member of the Women's Freedom League, which was founded in 1907, to obtain votes for women under thirty.

Hamilton was claimed to be a highly accomplished and talented photographer and needlewoman, and also enjoyed music, painting, and the theatre.

PERSONAL LIFE & DEATH: FRANCE

She never married. Lillias Hamilton died on 6 January 1925 at the Queen Victoria Memorial Hospital, Nice, France, and was buried in the English cemetery there on the Saturday after her death.

I am writing on Lillias Hamilton
 * I plan to contribute more to her history and how she went about attending medical school at the time as this was not detailed. I may discover why she lived the places she did as a claimed British female, and why she died in Nice, France (i.e. if this had to do with family or her own professional life/ career as physician). I will try to uncover how she evidently ended up working in Afghanistan, and the other various places she served.
 * I will try to add more information to the above in addition to finding the sourced where these truly came from and where more can due to the fact that there are only two somewhat sketchy sources cited entirely.
 * Current sources: written by Hamilton
 * 1.	 A Vizier's Daughter: A tale of the Hazara War. London: Murray, 1900. 2.	Lillias Hamilton, A Nurse's Bequest. London: Murray, 1907. 3.	Bennett, Clinton. 2011. "Retribution in Islam (Qur'an 2:178): Fact and Fiction in Victorian Literature." Victorian Review 37, no. 2: 13-16. Historical Abstracts, EBSCOhost (accessed October 11, 2014.	MOULIN, Anne-Marie et al. 2011. "LE MEDECIN DU PRINCE OU LA SCIENCE DE L'OUTRE-MER." Mondes Et Cultures 71, no. 1: 375-391. Historical Abstracts, EBSCOhost (accessed October 11, 2017).  5.	Cohen, Susan L.. “Hamilton, Lillias Anna (1858–1925).” Susan L. Cohen In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, edited by H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison. Oxford: OUP, 2004. Online ed., edited by David Cannadine, January 2008. http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy.lib.ou.edu/view/article/55593 (accessed October 11, 2017). (Brief, but a lot more details than the Wikipedia article. You can access this on-line through the library catalog)  6.	Bennett, Arnold. 1915. Wounded Allies' Relief Committee: a short account of work done. London: Sardinia House. (this is the organization she worked for in WWI)  7.	Bennett, Clinton. "Retribution in Islam (Qur'an 2:178): Fact and Fiction in Victorian Literature." Victorian Review 37, no. 2 (Fall2011 2011): 13-16.
 * Current sources: written by Hamilton
 * 1.	 A Vizier's Daughter: A tale of the Hazara War. London: Murray, 1900. 2.	Lillias Hamilton, A Nurse's Bequest. London: Murray, 1907. 3.	Bennett, Clinton. 2011. "Retribution in Islam (Qur'an 2:178): Fact and Fiction in Victorian Literature." Victorian Review 37, no. 2: 13-16. Historical Abstracts, EBSCOhost (accessed October 11, 2014.	MOULIN, Anne-Marie et al. 2011. "LE MEDECIN DU PRINCE OU LA SCIENCE DE L'OUTRE-MER." Mondes Et Cultures 71, no. 1: 375-391. Historical Abstracts, EBSCOhost (accessed October 11, 2017).  5.	Cohen, Susan L.. “Hamilton, Lillias Anna (1858–1925).” Susan L. Cohen In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, edited by H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison. Oxford: OUP, 2004. Online ed., edited by David Cannadine, January 2008. http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy.lib.ou.edu/view/article/55593 (accessed October 11, 2017). (Brief, but a lot more details than the Wikipedia article. You can access this on-line through the library catalog)  6.	Bennett, Arnold. 1915. Wounded Allies' Relief Committee: a short account of work done. London: Sardinia House. (this is the organization she worked for in WWI)  7.	Bennett, Clinton. "Retribution in Islam (Qur'an 2:178): Fact and Fiction in Victorian Literature." Victorian Review 37, no. 2 (Fall2011 2011): 13-16.

"Article evaluation"


 * I chose an article on about Sophia Jex-Blake, who studied medicine in Edinburgh, and was involved in the founding of 2 medical colleges for women in London in the late 19th century.
 * Most everything in the article seems relevant to the article topic.
 * The title travels to the United States distracted me, though I realized it was in regard to her learning about women in education, and her attempts/hoped to attend Harvard Medical School or one founded by Elizabeth Blackwell in New York.
 * The article seems neutral, as in there seem to be no harsh vocabulary or statements about her.
 * There don't seem to be any claims, or frames, that are heavily biased about her other than that she is was a feminist and seemingly quite well-educated and successful (which is evidently a question of sources, as she very well may or may have been so great).
 * Perhaps there are view points that are overrepresented of her in a positive light, but they do mention that for instance that Harvard Medical school would not accept her (for being a female, but no source is cited).
 * The links of citations that I checked do work. The sources do represent claims made in the article supporting biographical facts about her.
 * Not every fact or sentence is referenced with a source. For those phrases that do have reliable references; they range from Parliamentary Papers to the British Medical Journal. Much of the article is referenced to biographies of Sophia, so these could be quite biased if the individuals did know her, but one source called "Who's Who?" was actually a sort of directory journal of people from 1907.
 * The information (at least sources) range from 1869-2014, so fairly broad and relevant in dates.
 * I think much is missing that could be added, such as more on how she founded the schools, and in the section on personal life what led her specifically to do so, or support from family etc.
 * On the Talk page of the article, there are very few comments, but someone in January 2016 questioned her cause of death stated in the article.
 * I think the article is rated C-class, low- to mid-importance. It is part of WikiProjects on Politics of the United Kingdom, Biography / Science and Academia, Women's History, and Women scientists.
 * Wikipedia discusses this topic different from the way we've talked about it in class perhaps as we discuss more of the story or motivation that leads up to female pioneers achievements in medicine, and more in depth to what she continued to do and her influence today (i.e. Hildegard)