User:Ccb8r8/sandbox

Article Evaluation

 * Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? Is there anything that distracted you?
 * Mostly, but there are a few tangents that the article draws on such as, some of the smaller events that they hold without telling what the association actually is committed to do. The patrons and leaders columns are very distracting and very bland.
 * Is any information out of date? Is anything missing that could be added?
 * I don't really know too much about this topic, but the lack of history of what this organization has done over the past 150 years is a very big gap in what this article is missing. They need to add what this organization does, as well as what else they are known for doing.
 * What else could be improved?
 * The structure of the article is very bland and more sources are needed, as seen in the "Perception of science in the UK" where there is hardly any citation throughout the paragraph.
 * Is the article neutral? Are there any claims that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
 * This article is rather neutral already with giving out facts that represent what this organization stands for. Would also like to see the mistakes that this organization might have made.
 * Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
 * The article very much underrepresented the foundation of a centralized unit of measurement for electrical energy as well as resistance and current.
 * Check a few citations. Do the links work? Does the source support the claims in the article?
 * Yes these links work but there is a lack of sources where the information is important.
 * Is each fact referenced with an appropriate, reliable reference? Where does the information come from? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that bias noted
 * No there is some parts of this source that does not have any references and this a problem. Other sources are from a reference of when this organization met meaning they had no real influence within the article.
 * What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic.
 * There is a lot of talk about the sources that are used within this article and the relevancy in how the apply to the article itself. Also adding a few other references that apply to the article.
 * How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects?
 * It is rated a start class in WikiProjects-Organizations, History of Science, and United Kingdom.
 * How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class?
 * We have not really touched this organization in class yet but seems interesting to start researching on.

Raw Materials

 * My partner and I are both materials scientists and we understand how materials have affected our lives from how people used to use them before much actual understanding of the elements was in place.
 * My partner and I were thinking of covering the large importance that iron had in the early ages of civilization and how it was used.
 * Sources Currently:
 * https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/070.html
 * Emiliani, Cesare (1992). "Planet earth: cosmology, geology, and the evolution of life and environment". Cambridge [England] ; New York : Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press: 152. (#46)
 * James E. McClellan III; Harold Dorn (2006). Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction. JHU Press. (#7), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC350422/pdf/pnas00499-0036.pdf
 * Understanding materials science, p. 125, Rolf E. Hummel, Springer, 2004, https://archive.org/stream/planb20rescuingp00brow#page/108/mode/2up
 * James E. McClellan III; Harold Dorn (2006). Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8360-6. p. 21.

Ccb8r8 (talk) 05:06, 2 May 2019 (UTC)

Editing w/ sources

 * The first two, in principle, can be estimated directly from geophysical data (heat flow, density), with some iteration via thermal and seismic models. Fe can thus be determined to better than +10% in all three planets, but U is known to only about +30% in the Earth (28,29) and not at all for Venus and Mercury; the(Earth-like and Moon-like) values in Table1 are educated guesses, based on the apparent trend of U content with size(8) and a few scraps of evidence suggesting Earth-like and Moon-like composition for these two planets.
 * On the sunward side of the Earth, two data points are available. A spectrophotometric measurement for Mercury (37) suggests that pyroxenes on its surface have about the same FeO content as do those in lunar highland soils-i.e.,5.5%.This FeO must come from local rock, not from a meteoritic component, because the later typically comprises less than 4% of a regolith and contains < 30% FeO (38). For Venus, the latest thermo- dynamic calculations, assuming equilibrium between surface rocks and the atmosphere(39),suggest an FeO activity of 10-3-10-2-i.e.,1-2 orders of magnitude below the value for the Earth. But this result applies only to the surface rocks, whose chemistry is controlled by the massive, hot atmosphere. It does not preclude a higher FeO content in the bulk planet.
 * Historians claim that the Iron Age began between 1500 and 1000 B.C. (at least in some parts of the world). This does not mean that iron was unknown to man before that time; quite the contrary is the case. Meteoric iron (which has a large nickel content) must have been used by prehistoric people as early as 4000 B.C. They made tools and weapons from it by shaping and hammering. It is thus quite understandable that in some ancient languages the word for iron meant "metal from the sky". Naturally, the supply of meteoric iron was limited. thus, stone, copper, and bronze were the materials of of choice at least until the second millennium B.C. There were, however, some important uses for iron ores during the Bronze Age and also during the Chalcolithic period. As explained already in Chapter 1, copper needs a fluxing agent for the smelting process when using malachite. For this, iron oxide was utilized, which was known to react during smelting with the unwanted sand particles that are part of malachite. Eventually, a slag was formed which could be easily separated form the copper after the melt had cooled down.
 * The throwaway economy is on a collision course with the earth's geological limits. Aside form running out of landfills near cities, the world is also fast running out of the cheap oil that is used to manufacture and transport throwaway products. Perhaps more fundamentally, there is not enough readily accessible lead, tin, copper, iron ore or bauxite to sustain the throwaway economy beyond another two or three generations. Assuming an annual 2-percent growth in extraction, U.S. Geological Survey data on current economically recoverable reserves show the world has 18 years of reserves remaining for lead, 20 years for tin 25 years for copper, 64 years for iron ore, and 69 years for bauxite.https://archive.org/stream/planb20rescuingp00brow#page/108/mode/2up
 * Pottery, which also originated independently in multiple centers around the world, is another new technology that a formed a key part of the Neolithic revolution. If only inadvertently, Paleolithic peoples had produced fired-clay ceramics, but nothing in the Paleolithic peoples had produced fired-clay ceramics, but nothing in the Paleolithic economy called for a further development of the technique. Pottery almost certainly arose in response to the need for a storage technology: jars or vessels to store and carry the surplus products of the first agrarian societies. Neolithic communities used plasters and mortars in building construction, and pottery may have arisen out of plastering techniques applied to basket. Eventually, "manufacturing centers" and small scale transport of ceramics developed. Pottery is a "pyrotechnology," for the secret of pottery is that water is driven form the clay when it is "fired," turning it into an artificial stone. Neolithic Kilns produced temperatures upwards of 900°C. Later, in the Bronze and Iron Ages, the Neolithic pyrotechnology of pottery made metallurgy possible.                                      James E. McClellan III; Harold Dorn (2006). Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8360-6. p. 21.

Ccb8r8 (talk) 05:06, 2 May 2019 (UTC)

Material in the process of being added/already added

 * One metallic raw material that is commonly found across the world is iron, and when combined with nickel, this material makes up over 35% of the material in the Earth's inner and outer core.
 * The iron that was initially used as early as 4000 B.C. was called meteoric iron and was found on the surface of the earth, as this type of iron came from the meteorites that struck the earth before the humans appeared and was in very limited supply. This type of iron is unlike most of the iron in the earth, as the iron in the earth was much deeper than the humans of that time period were able to excavate. Due to the nickel content of the meteoric iron, it did not need to be heated up and instead, was hammered and shaped into tools and weapons.
 * Metallic raw materials on earth are very close to running out. We currently live in a throwaway economy, which means that we hardly ever reuse the materials that are found in the earth, and unless this changing we have a very limited amount of time before we run out of certain materials from the earth. Between lead, tin, copper, iron ore, and bauxite there is, at most, 70 years left before we start running out of these metallic unless for more readily available veins of materials are found in the near future.
 * While pottery originated in many different points around the world, it is certain that it was brought to light mostly through the Neolithic revolution. This mostly important due to this material's ability to store and carry a surplus of supplies for the first agrarian. Although most of these jars and pots were fire-clay ceramics, the Neolithic communities created kilns that were able to fire these materials in order to remove most of the water to create very stable and hard materials. Without the clay from the ground from this region, the Neolithic revolution would have never grew as it has in the past. Using these kilns, the process of metallurgy was possible once the ages of Bronze and Iron ad come upon the people that lived there.

Ccb8r8 (talk) 05:06, 2 May 2019 (UTC)

Peer Evaluation Btblomenkamp1 (talk) 16:53, 22 March 2019 (UTC)(Raw Materials)[edit source]

 * 1) I really like the details that are given about the history and use of meteoric iron. A nice balance was made with the addition of information presented by your partner about iron ore. I like the specifics about the form of bog iron a lot.
 * 2) I think it would be helpful to the general person reading this if you were to mention some common items or specific uses where the type of metal you go into detail about can be seen in everyday life. Traffic lights, buildings, car parts, household items, ect. What specifically about the nickel content allowed meteoric iron to be more malleable/ no need for heat? low percent high percent? range of percent compared to the percent that is seen in todays heated iron? What effect did this (not heating, and specific % iron) have on the strength of the weapons in this time. What have we as humans done to iron to fit the societal demands? Take us through history in jumps of chronological order to talk about why we changed metal or manipulaped its contents and percents. Ex. "Due to IR we needed strength in metal to withstand new levels of pressures"... Going from wood wheel spokes to metal spokes, pressures of black powder in riffles and cannons. War in general might be a good heading. Take through order of ancient war and forging weapons effectiveness compared to early cannons and black powder compared to modern war armored vehicles and armor piercing rounds. Use of metal in first transcontinental railroad system. Use of metal in structural design of old buildings-new era.  I think an "Overview" heading might be useful in creating a platform for the discussion of metal in a very general sense with the ideas of where metal is commonly used today and the various differnt types and the fact that humans have been altering/ combining the contents of metals since the beginning to try and fit the needs of society.
 * 3) I think the most important thing you guys could do to this article is create broad heading topics that can include more specific sub heading topics. I think this will provide structure for the article and help organize the information you guys are adding. Divide out the different metals under broad headings in terms of their similarities or maybe in terms of their practical use to society.
 * 4) Something I enjoyed about this article and should apply to my article is the use of wiki links for key topic words and conceptual understanding words that give further background knowledge on what is being talked about. I like what you guys have so far and I hope this helps, keep digging for information and sources!

Btblomenkamp1 (talk) 17:07, 22 March 2019 (UTC)

Peer Evaluation Response
I do believe that we need to go into much more detail when it comes to the overall application of iron in history and how it has shaped the eras in which that it was important. You are also correct in the fact that we need to add many more sub heading within these topics, as there quite a few more raw material than just naturally occurring ores from the earth. I disagree that we need to add the specifics of meteoric iron as we are only trying to focus on the base of how iron influenced the world throughout history and not talking about why nickel has an effect on the malleability and ion mobility of the material overall. Overall, you have brought a lot of very valuable points in what we should do to better our article on a complete scale and hopefully will result in the article becoming much more organized than it was before the article had been posted.