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In July 2017, the CAVAS study was published. Results indicated that canagliflozin was associated with amputations.

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Intravenous
Naloxone is commonly injected intravenously, with an onset of 1-2 minutes with a duration of up to 45 minutes. While the onset of action is achieved fastest through IV than through other routes of administration, it may be more difficult to obtain venous access in patients who are chronic IV drug users. This may be an issue under emergency conditions (FDA advisory).

Intramuscular/ Subcutaneous

Naloxone can also be administered intramuscular ly or subcutaneously (lexi). The onset of naloxone provided through this route is 2-5min with a duration of ~30-120min. Naloxone administered intramuscularly are provided through pre-filled syringes, vials, and auto-injector. Evzio is the only autoinjector on the market and can be used both intramuscularly and subcutaneously. However, it is speculated that a generic version will be available mid 2019 in the US (news).

Intranasal

Administration of naloxone intranasally is recommended for patients are unconscious or unresponsive. While the onset of action is slightly delayed in this method of administration, the ease of use and portability are what make naloxone nasal sprays useful. Narcan Nasal Spray was approved in 2015 and was the first FDA-approved nasal spray for emergency treatment or suspected overdose. Narcan Nasal Spray was prepackaged, required no assembly, and delivered a consistent dose. A generic version was approved in the United States in 2019.

However, a wedge device (nasal atomizer) can also be attached to a syringe that may also be used to create a mist to deliver the drug to the nasal mucosa. This is useful near facilities where many overdoses occur that already stock injectors.