User:Cgorzny/sandbox

Kinesiogenomics refers to the study of genetics in the various disciplines of the field of kinesiology, the study of human movement. The field has also been referred to as "exercise genomics" or "exercisenomics." Areas of study within kinesiogenomics include the role of gene sequence variation (i.e., alleles) in sport performance, identification of genes (and their different alleles) which is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity and also contributes to the response and adaptation of the body's tissue systems (e.g., muscles, heart, metabolism, etc.) to various exercise-related stimuli. The use of genetic testing to predict sport performance or individualize exercise prescription, and gene doping, the potential for genetic therapy is used to enhance sport performance.

Studies show that gene factors control roughly 30 to 80 percent of differences among individuals in traits related to sports performance. ACTN3 and ACE are the best studied genes that are associated with sports performance. ACTN3 and ACE are both linked to strength and endurance. The ACTN3 gene creates a protein named alpha (α)-actinin-3, which are found in fast-twitch muscle fibers. The ACE gene gives instructions for making a protein called angiotensin-converting enzyme, which converts the hormone angiotensin I into another form called angiotensin II. Though, these genes are linked to strength and endurance, many other genes have an impact on performance such as genes involved in the function of skeletal muscles, production of energy for cells, communication between nerve cells.

The field of kinesiogenomics is relatively new, though two books have outlined basic concepts. A regularly published review article entitled, "The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes," describes the genes that have been studied in relation to specific exercise and fitness-related traits. The most recent (seventh) update was published in 2009.

References[edit]

 * 1) ^ Genetics of Fitness and Physical Performance, Claude Bouchard, Robert M. Malina, Louis Perusse, Human Kinetics, Copyright 1997, ISBN 0-87322-951-7.
 * 2) ^ Genetics Primer for Exercise Science and Health, Stephen M. Roth, Human Kinetics, Copyright 2007, ISBN 0-7360-6343-9.
 * 3) ^ Bray, M. S; Hagberg, J. M; Pérusse, L; Rankinen, T; Roth, S. M; Wolfarth, B; Bouchard, C (January 2009). "The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2006-2007 update". Med Sci Sports Exerc. 41 (1): 35–73. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181844179. PMID 19123262.