User:Chalamaneni/sandbox/UAV The law of armed conflicts

INTRODUCTION UAV is an unmanned air craft, which operates without direct human intervention directly on it. UAV was first used in June 16, 1861 by Thaddeus Lowe from New Hampshire, that hovered 500 feet over the White House, hanging in a tiny basket from a balloon of his own design. “This point of observation commands an area nearly fifty miles in diameter - the city with its girdle of encampments presents a superb scene,” Lowe wrote in a telegram to Abraham Lincoln. This was the first electronic message to be sent from air to the ground. Aerial observation has a long history; Lowe was not its first practitioner. But the point he made remains true today; aerial views command a great deal, in both senses of the word. The first UAV was developed in 1849 - it was a crude motorized bomb and used in Australia Venice attack and after this in World War-1 (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, n.d.), the UAVs became famous and their need increased a lot. UAVs are Majorly classified into six types, they are 1. Target and Decoy, 2. Search and Rescue, 3. Battle fields, 4. Provosional, 5. Reseach and Development, 6. Civil and Commercial Purpose and there are many types of UAVs based on other parameters (Rana, Praharaj, & Nanda, 2016). They were developed for risky military operation. After that a large variety of UAVs came into existence. But here, the authors discuss about a UAVs, which differ from existing UAVs. This UAV has some distinct features compared to others, they are camera gimbal, sensors, pay load capacity, selfcontrol, battery backup, frequency of operation and many more. The mechanism of a UAV with the internal structure is shown in Figure 1. 1. Parts of UAV In this section, different sensors used in a UAV have been discussed and Figure 2 represents the flow of sensors. UAV: A NOVEL APPROACH TOWARDS ARMED CONFLICTS By ABSTRACT In this paper, the rapidly emerging global landscape, introduction, working, and new implementations of remotely piloted aerial vehicles which will be highly effective for use in defence has been explained. This paper presents a novel way for effective functioning and to reduce the problems encountered by military personnel. This UAV is merely different from that of the existing UAVs. This UAV possesses single propeller connected to a brushless motor present in the middle of the UAV and it has excellent subsystem with a good recovery system, which will be useful in recovering data back. It has the technology that can reproduce its energy (power) back as a boots trapper is connected to the rotor where it will power back. It has different sensors like Ultrasonic Sensor (to detect obstacle), Chemical Sensor (to detect chemicals), Sensing Sensor (to operate UAV), etc. It can not only fly, but also can move on the earth. It can adjust to various o environmental conditions. It has a good battery system (it can work for long time). The camera can rotate in 360 and it will give 3D image processing. It works not only on GPS, but also on sensor. This UAV contains high security to data, if caught by an opponent they cannot read the data. If anyone wants to see data, then the person who is operating or the commander chief's biometric is needed. The UAV has an option of auto pilot (autonomous riding capacity). This research work mainly deals with army personnel as these type of UAVs could save many lives. Finally, the paper identifies a specific comprehensive manner for the future policy in military applications. Keywords: Armed Services, UAV, Drone, Aerial Vehicle, Sensors in UAV, New Technologies in UAV. CHALAMANENI JEEVAN PRASAD * UPPALAPATI SOMALATHA ** Date Received: 16/11/2018 Date Revised: 10/03/2019 Date Accepted: 01/04/2019 RESEARCH PAPERS 32 i-manager's Journal on Electronics Engineering, Vol. 9 l No. 3 l March - May 2019 1.1 Camera A camera is used that can cover 360° gimbal and Stereo that has the power of displaying video in 3D way and the camera has Infrared (IR) night vision (Corrigan, 2019) to visualize during night times also, so that the place can be monitored in an easy and better way at any time. The UAV has the capability of visual tracking (Corrigan, 2018) that is, if an object is locked in it the UAV will follow it, and it has the capability of Beyond Line of Sight (Stevenson, Young, & Rolland, 2015) and track there. This has an incredible 30x optical zoom camera and 6x digital zoom for a total magnification up to 180x. 1.2 Sensors Sensors are used in UAVs for the smooth functioning and for special features. Some of the sensors used in the UAV, such as Accelerometer, Gyroscope, Magnetometer, Barometer, GPS Sensor, Distance Sensor, etc. (RF Wireless World, n.d.), are discussed here. 1.2.1 Accelerometer This sensor is used to determine linear moment and is very useful to stabilize the drone. 3-axis accelerometer provides linear acceleration in 3 axes of the UAV (UAV & ROV Autopilot, n.d.) 1.2.2 Gyroscope This provides angular moment of the UAVs and this sensor is used to provide angular motion to the drone. 3-axis gyroscope provides angular acceleration in 3 axes. (Corrigan, 2018). 1.2.3 Magnetometer This drone sensor type is present in the drone which has GPS functionality. It is available in 1 to 3 axes. Magnetometer is basically a magnetic compass, which can measure magnetic field of the earth. This feature is used to determine direction of compass used in the Drone. Compass direction is determined with respect to magnetic north (Sensys, n.d.). 1.2.4 Barometer It is used to find the height of the UAVs with respect to the sea level. It is also referred as pressure sensor, as it aids in knowing atmospheric pressure changes with respect to height from the sea level. This phenomenon is used in the barometer to determine height of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. Barometer is also referred as pressure sensor. In most of the flight controllers, an additional measurement device based on GPS sensor is used to calculate height above sea level very accurately. 1.2.5 GPS Sensors UAVs use GPS sensors to determine specific route or route map even in the absence of the pilot on board by using satellite communication and determine specific geographical location (Wang et al., 2008) 1.2.6 Distance Sensors These are used to sense the obstacle using ultrasonic, LIDAR based technique (Nebiker, Annen, Scherrer, & Oesch, 2008). 1.2.7 Proximity Sensor This sensor is used to find the displacement or moment of the UAV along with Proximity Sensor Inertial Measurement Sensor used in maintaining direction and light paths. 1.2.8 Active and Passive Motion Sensors These sensors are used to find the motion or moment of a person (Motion Detection Sensor) or thing from longer RESEARCH PAPERS Figure 1. General Structure of UAV Figure 2. Sensor Flow i-manager's Journal on Electronics Engineering, Vol. 9 l No. 3 l March - May 2019 33 distances so that the army men can easily control the situations and maintain flight level. 1.2.9 Wireless Sensors Wireless sensors refer to a group of sensors for recording and monitoring of data and are used to transmit data by converting one form of data to radio frequency and radio to desired output form. Some of the Wireless sensors are WSN, NFC, RFID, and ZigBee (Griffin & Detweiler, 2012). 1.2.10 Chemical Sensors UAV A88, K7102 detects particles that contain radiation, and the UAVs can be used to provide data around where various chemicals like Nitro-glycerine, Grain dust, Uranium, Rdx and Plutonium (Karpowicz, 2016) might be present in various situations. 1.3 Payload Capacity Normal UAVs have a payload capacity of 15-20 kg, but the payload capacity of a UAV can be increased by increasing the capacity of the propellers (ECalc, 2019) that is if the propellers are good and strong enough to propel even at heavy weight also, the next thing to be considered is the body of the UAV to be developed, that is it should be weightless and must have good strength. A UAV can be built with a capability of carrying 200 kg also, but when the UAV carries weight of more than 150 kg, the UAV must possess Radio frequency capability. 1.4 Control Here GPS is used to operate the UAV along with GPS GSM module, which is being used so that the UAV can be operated at any critical situations. UAVs can be controlled by a person far away from the UAV by a remote that is by sending signals, but here artificial intelligence is used that is when the person loses the control on the UAV, normal UAV will be collapsed, but in this UAV, artificial intelligence is implemented that is the track is being recorded and when the person loses the control, the UAV will return back to the beginning or it will try to fetch the signals from the operator. It has the capability of Way Point Navigation and Geo Fencing (Dolby, 2017) that is it will move in the predefined way or if latitude and longitude details are given it will move constantly in the place recording and under the operators control and instruct us if anything went wrong. 1.5 Battery When considering the battery, normal UAVs have flight time of 30-60 min, but by introducing a new creative method the battery will become inexhaustible so that it can fly more time than the normal UAVs. This method is such that the UAV's fan is connected to a generator so that when the fan moves, the motor runs generator and power is produced again so that the flight increases. Here hydrogen powered system is used (Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, n.d.) so that the run time of UAV is increased, but the cost of it is high as the UAV is mainly for military purpose so that the government can afford. 1.6 Frequency of Operation Normal UAVs operate at two different frequencies, they are 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz (Operating Frequency, n.d.). Here the operating frequency is 5.8 GHz and 2.8 GHz as at this frequency, the UAV can operate more distance, function smoothly, and the power required for the frequency range in isotropic radiation is 25 mW. 1.7 Security of the Data In normal UAVs, the data is insecure that is it can be hacked or if the UAV is caught by an opponent, it can be easily decoded. So in this UAV a new way of security called Decoding Data has been implemented, that is when anyone tries to decode it, the whole data will be invisible or formatted (Decoding data) and to open this lock, the operator or the chief’s palm is used as a key for it to unlock so that no can see the data in it or know from where it came and where and who is the operator. 1.8 Backup This UAV has a good backup mechanism that is it will save the path and has backup for every 30 min and the data is sent to the operator, where it is again backed up for future purpose and for training or better operating. 1.9 2 in 1 Normal UAVs can only fly, but this UAV not only flies but can also move on land like a normal vehicle. So that it can be used for many more situations. RESEARCH PAPERS 34 i-manager's Journal on Electronics Engineering, Vol. 9 l No. 3 l March - May 2019 1.10 Video Editing Software Having excellent quality video software is essential for post processing (Corrigan, 2014). Most of the latest UAVs can film in Adobe DNG raw, which means that all the original image information is retained for later processing. Thus it can be distinguished that this UAV varies from all other UAVs that are existing and different from them. It has special features like Battery, Camera, Payload, Dual mode, and many sensors are used for effective usage of UAV, in addition it is equipped with GSM and GPS, coming to the security of it, the UAV has Decoding Data, it has a good Backup system, and a good video editing system. 1.11 Software Different types of Software like Matlab, Lunix, Embedded C, CAD, Arduino, Machine Learning, and NexaTM are used in this UAV. 1.11.1 Matlab This software is used mainly in signal and image processing and can also implement a way pointfollowing controller and tune its parameters using the lowfidelity model along with this using Matlab to design Machine Learning, which is used for automatic pilot or selfthinking ability (Mathworks, n.d.). 1.11.2 Embedded C C programming is used in microprocessors and micro controllers which are used to control the UAV. 1.11.3 CAD CAD is used to design the UAV and the parts and visualize the working mechanism for smooth functioning. 1.11.4 NEXA NEXA is secure system product, which is used for biometric authentication (Biometrics Software and Solutions, n.d.). 2. Results The UAV has been tested successfully in real time. The statics are as shown in Table 1 and Figure 3. Conclusion Normal UAVs are used for domestic purpose and some military purposes, but this UAV is specially equipped and can be used mainly in military purposes like bomb detection, video coverage for better strategy, Rescue operations, Geographical mapping, Communication purpose, weather Reporting, Safety Inspections and in addition, it can also be used for government usage like Surveying, Traffic Monitoring, Marine Operation, Fire extinguishing, Medical emergencies, and private RESEARCH PAPERS Figure 3. Images Captured from Drone Table 1. Tested Data Results Sl.No Standards Design Arguments Tested Data Results 1 Propeller Status Carry up to 5kgs and withstanding conditions Carried 3.6kgs in different atmospheric conditions with different parameters. 2 Flight Endurance (Battery) Up to 56 min Carried 3.6kgs weight for a flight time of 56 min for a height of 126 meters and range up to 1.5km. 3 Flying Options Manual and Automation It has been tested both the methods. 4 Sensor Functioning Information Receiving and Sending Sensors collected speed, axis, air fluctuations in weather near to drone (22 inches), obstacles (15 meters), motion of objects (11 feet) and detected chemicals (16 dynamic range). Communicated data nearly to 2.34km. 5 Movement Method It can fly and move on earth Tested both the methods. 6 Camera 21 megapixel It sent video of 3.65k clarity. i-manager's Journal on Electronics Engineering, Vol. 9 l No. 3 l March - May 2019 35 purposes also, where the cost is affordable and there is need for the UAV. Acknowledgment The authors are thankful to the management of VEMU Institute of Technology for providing excellent research guidance and support. References [1]. Biometrics Software and Solutions. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.aware.com/biometrics/nexa-fingerprintrecognition/ [2]. Corrigan, F. (2014). Understanding FPV Flying and FPV Equipment in Drones. Retrieved from www.dronezon.com/ learn-about-drones-quadcopters/ what-is-fpv-flying-droneequipment/ [3]. Corrigan, F. (2018). Drone Gyro Stabilization, IMU and F l i g h t C o n t ro l l e r s E x p l a i n e d. Re t r i e v e d f r om www.dronezon.com/learn-about-drones-quadcopters/ three-and-six-axis-gyro-stabilized-drones/ [4]. Corrigan, F. (2019). 10 Thermal Vision Cameras For Drones and How Thermal Imaging Works. Retrieved from www.dronezon.com/learn-about-drones-quadcopters/9 -heat-vision-cameras-for-drones-and-how-thermalimaging- works/ [5]. Decoding Data. (n.d.). Exposing the invisible. Retrieved from exposingtheinvisible.org/guides/ decoding-data/ [6]. Dolby, J. (2017). What is a Geofence? Here are 15 Ways to use them. Retrieved from www.microlise.com/ blog/geofence-definition-15-ways-to-use-them/ [7]. ECalc. (2019). PropCalc - The most reliable Propeller C a l c u l a t o r o n t h e W e b. R e t r i e v e d f r o m https://www.ecalc.ch/ [8]. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.energy.gov/eere/articles/4-waysfuel- cells-power-us-military [9]. Griffin, B., & Detweiler, C. (2014). Resonant wireless power transfer to ground sensors from a UAV. 2012 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Saint Paul, MN, 2012, pp. 2660-2665. doi: 10.1109/ICRA. 2012.6225205 [10]. Karpowicz, J. (2016). Detecting Radiological, Biological and Chemical Threats with Drones. In C o m m e r c i a l U A V N e w s. R e t r i e v e d f r o m www.expouav.com/news/latest/detecting-radiologicalbiological- chemical-threats-drones/ [11]. MathWorks. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.mathworks. com/videos/simulating-unmanned-aerial-vehicles-uavwith- matlab-and-simulink--1541161299465.html [12]. Nebiker, S., Annen, A., Scherrer, M., & Oesch, D. (2008). A light-weight Multispectral Sensor for Micro UAV – opportunities for very high resolution airborne remote s e n s i n g. T h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s o f t h e Photogrammetr y, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 37(B1),1193-1200. [13]. Operating Frequency. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.thefreedictionary.com/Operating+frequency [14]. Rana. K., Praharaj, S., & Nanda, T. (2016). Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): An Emerging Technology for Logistics. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 5(5), 86-92. [15]. RF Wireless World. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.rfwirelessworld. com/Terminology/Drone-Sensors.html [16]. Sensys. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.sensysmagneto meter.com/en/magdrone-two.html [17]. Stevenson, J. D., Young, S., & Rolland, L. (2015). Beyond Line of Sight Control of Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles using a Synthetic Environment to Augment First Person Video. 3, 960-967. [18]. UAV & ROV Autopilot. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.colibrys.com/mems-application/autopilot-uav-rov/ [19]. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. (n.d.). Retrieved from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle [20]. Wang, J., Garratt, M., Lambert, A., Wang, J. J., Han, S., Sinclair, D. (2008). Integration of GPS/INS/VISION Sensors to Navigate Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences,37,963-970. RESEARCH PAPERS 36 i-manager's Journal on Electronics Engineering, Vol. 9 l No. 3 l March - May 2019 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Chalamaneni Jeevan Prasad is a student of Bachelor of Technology in the stream of Electronics and Communication Engineering from VEMU Institute of Technology. He is member of IETE and has hands on experience on Machine Learning. He is an active participant in research projects and gave many technical presentations in various Symposiums and Conferences. He did 3 innovative projects and had many more ideas to be built till date. He is the convenor of the Department and member of department associations. Uppalapati Somalatha is a Research Scholar in Indian Institute of Technology on Physical layer security, Tirupati, India. She worked in VEMU Institute of Technology in the stream of Electronics and Communication Engineering for 4 years as Assistant Professor. She holds Master’s Degree in Digital Electronics and Communication Systems. She is graduated in Electronics and Communication Engineering. She is member of IETE and a research scholar. She has published a number of scientific papers. RESEARCH PAPERS i-manager's Journal on Electronics Engineering, Vol. 9 l No. 3 l March - May 2019 37
 * Department of Electronics Communication and Engineering, VEMU Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh, India.
 * Indian Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh, India.