User:Charan Siddarth/sandbox

Photo Manipulation and Fake news distribution
Digital Media and the web generating fake and manipulated images has the ability to influence, impact, deceive, and change public opinions and actions.

In today’s era there are various types of photos everywhere; such as they're in magazines, advertisements, newspapers, and books because only photos can make the text or the story attractive and it stands out. Some might not realize it, but most of those photos are edited and retouched. This article attempted to work out the bulk opinion of what sorts of photo editing was above the tolerable limit, also because of the public awareness of media manipulation. We can say that There are different levels of photo editing which include changing in the contrast, removal of blemishes and mud, addition/removal of objects, and addition/removal of main subjects. The results revealed that the majority of people are conscious of photoshopping within the media and that they suspected there was more photo editing in magazines and advertisements than in newspapers.

For getting the best results of photograph manipulation we can apply a different kind of methods such as alteration and transformation of pictures. There are Some photograph manipulations that can be considered as a skilful artwork, while others can be considered as unethical practices, especially when wont to deceive the general public. Alternative examples include getting used for political propaganda, or to enhance the looks of a product or person, or just as entertainment or practical jokes.

sometimes if we depend on the appliance, then few photograph manipulations can be considered as kind because it involves the various creation of distinctive images and in some aspect, signature expressions is an art by photographic artists. Researcher such as Ansel Adams who employed a various number of more common manipulations by using a unique technique that is darkroom exposure techniques, burning (darkening) and dodging (lightening) up a photograph. supplementary samples of photo manipulation include retouching photographs by using ink or paint, airbrushing, double exposure, piecing photos or negatives together within the darkroom, scratching instant films, or through the various utilization of software-based manipulation tools applied in the digital images. Software applications are developed for the manipulation of digital images, starting from professional applications to very basic imaging software for casual users.

If we look into today's era there are some Fake or manipulated images propagated through online and social media that can deceive, emotionally distress, and influence public opinions and actions. Even few studies have been examined that how various people evaluate the authenticity of images that accompany online stories. Even there is a different kind of article which has been researched by the researcher such as a 6-batch large-scale online experiment using Amazon Mechanical Turk that probes how people evaluate image credibility across online platforms. In each batch, participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 28 news-source mockups featuring a forged image, and that they evaluated the credibility of the pictures that supported several features. We could track down that participants’ Internet skills, photo-editing experience, and social media use were significant predictors of image credibility evaluation, while most social and heuristic cues of online credibility (e.g. source trustworthiness, bandwagon, intermediary trustworthiness) had no significant impact on Viewers’ attitude toward a depicted issue also positively influenced their credibility evaluation.

Social Capital and Influence
Social capital may not be as expressed as anyone heard before, and even many not really knows what it actually means? Social capital is an amalgamation of words that don’t seem to belong together. How could ‘social’ be ‘capital’? This can be rather mystifying on the first reflection, ‘Capital’ is a profitable concept for a real element of manufacturing that can be generated through funding and can be used when required.

The main instinct of social capital can be social benefits. This doesn’t mean like a ground-breaking discovery or one that should require a term to capture or communicate its meaning. Humans are social naturally, we've evolved to be social and it's a defining characteristic of what it means to be human.

The famous researcher/novelists/ scientist “Aristotle” famously said, “He who lives without society is either a beast or God”.

It’s not difficult to know that we, and society generally, enjoy being social: helping, sharing, and caring about our fellow humans. If Being social is being human then our society and economy are unavoidably linked to sociability.

The reality is that the ‘social’ has been mount as ‘capital’ is a charge on present-day culture and values. On top of everything, the humans in the old days the importance and value of social relationships have been intuitively understood and nurtured. Nevertheless, in the ego-driven, individualistic, self-interested, and rational modern era social factors have been consistently underestimated, undervalued, and underprioritized.

In this era homo economicus is in crisis, detached from their inherent nature, living within the paradox of competition with their kin, with a mindset of self-seeking. They're driven by ego and therefore the impulse for power and standing that breeds dispute. They accept a scarcity mentality where they're driven to compete for what's seemed to be limited resources, instead of cooperating with their neighbours and their community for the collective good.

There are spiralling psychological state problems, and widespread feelings of isolation, depression, anxiety, and fear. many of us desire another ‘cog within the machine’ – their labour treated as a commodity in a financial system focused on maximising profit for the few at the expense of the various. Our modern culture inspires people to be self-interested; to look after their own and be out for themselves.

An awareness of social capital can redress a number of the issues of homo economicus by refocusing our attention on the importance of being social. It encourages people to be giving, supportive, and cooperative while discouraging selfish and exploitive behaviours. It inspires trust, mutual respect, goodwill, and solidarity that benefits us, and everybody we interact with. It builds community, improves the role of social groups and organisations, and give invaluable social support.

For a private good social capital is about having many strong positive relationships with people in diverse positions from diverse backgrounds engendered with goodwill, trust, reciprocity, and norms of cooperation.

For an organisation good social capital is about having many strong positive relationships as above, with a robust sense of belonging and solidarity, also as shared understandings including shared language, values, vision, and goals.

Deep fake pornography it's issues[edit]
Deepfakes started with pornography. In December 2017, Samantha Cole, a Journalist at Motherboard, discovered that a Reddit user with the screen name “deepfakes” was using techniques developed and open-sourced by AI researchers to swap female celebrities’ faces into porn videos. Cole tried to alert readers: other women would be next. While the difficulty gained some public attention, it had been mostly for the technology’s novelty. After all, fake celebrity porn had been around the internet for years. except for advocates who work closely with violence victims, the event was the immediate cause for alarm. “What an ideal tool for somebody seeking to exert potential and limit over a victim,” says Dodge. It’s become far too easy to form deepfake nudes of any woman. Apps for this express purpose have emerged repeatedly albeit they need quickly been banned: there was DeepNude in 2019, for instance, and a Telegram bot in 2020. The underlying code for “stripping” the garments off photos of girls continues to exist in open-source repositories.

As a result, the scope of the abuse has grown: now targets aren't just celebrities and Instagram influencers but private individuals, says Giorgio Patrini, Sensity’s CEO and chief scientist. within the case of the Telegram bot, Sensity found there had been a minimum of 100,000 victims, including underage girls.

As these tools became more powerful and easier to use, it's enabled the transfer of sexual fantasies from people's imaginations to the web. It flies past not only the boundaries of human decorum but also our sense of believing what we see and listen to. On the farther side of its use for hollow titillation, the sophistication of the technology could cause serious consequences. The fake news crisis, as we all know it today, may hardly be the start.

Digital surveillance using AI - How they spy on us and track us using algorithms.[edit]
AI technology was once relegated to the planet of fantasy, but today it surrounds us. It powers our smartphones, chooses our music preferences, and decides which social media feeds to pop in the top. Perhaps the foremost notable aspect of AI is its sudden ubiquity.

In common terms, the goal of AI is to “make machines intelligent” by automating or reproduce the behavior that “authorizes an individual to function appropriately and with anticipation in its environment,” in line with scientist Nils Nilsson.5 AI isn't one specific technology. Instead, it's more accurate to consider AI as a combined system that comes with information acquisition objectives, logical reasoning principles, and self-correction capacities. a crucial AI subfield is machine learning, which may be a statistical process that breakdown an outsized amount of data so as to discern a pattern to elucidate the present data and predict future uses.6 Several breakthroughs are making new achievements within the field possible: the maturation of machine learning and therefore the onset of deep learning; cloud computing and online data gathering; a substitute generation of advanced microchips and computer tools; improved presentation of complex algorithms; and market-driven inducements for brand spanking new uses of AI technology.

Unsurprisingly, AI’s impact increases well beyond individual consumer selection. it's beginning to modify basic patterns of governance, not only by providing governments with unprecedented capabilities to watch their citizens and shape their choices but also by giving them the new ability to disrupt elections, upraise false information, and delegitimize democratic discourse across borders.