User:Charlottereid1/Juliet Stillman Severance/Bibliography

Note on Language: I am using language consistent with titles of existing Wikipedia articles (ie. "American Indian boarding schools" and "Native Americans in the United States").

Notes

"Working on the Domestic Frontier: American Indian Domestic Servants in White Women's Households in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1920-1940"

Outgoing programs

Outing programs were programs set up by many American Indian boarding schools in which Native American children would spend part of the day, and usually entire summers, living and working with local families. Boys participating in outing programs were typically assigned to do farm work, while girls were assigned to domestic service.

Outing matrons

The employment of Native American girls and young women through outing programs was overseen by outing matrons, agents of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The Bureau of Indian Affairs tried to keep young Native American women under close supervision.

Objectives of the programs

Resistance and consequences

Resistance: running away

Consequences: Native American women in outing programs could be sent to detention homes for running away.

Results

*** Title idea: Outing programs in the United States

"Domesticating Colonizers: Domesticity, Indigenous Domestic Labor, and the Modern Settler Colonial Nation"

Outing programs existed from the late nineteenth century through to the Second World War.

The programs have also existed in Australia

Participant numbers

At least 143 of the 216 female students at Carlisle participated in the program in 1888.

Concerns about the types of people that would take in children

Forms and contracts for outing employers

"From Carlisle to Phoenix: The Rise and Fall of the Indian Outing System, 1878-1930"

*** A really problematic article

*** Question: start date: 1878 vs. 1880

Hundreds of children

Promote the assimilationist objectives of the federal government

"Although Richard Henry Pratt is the father of the outing system, the practice of putting Indian children in white homes for educational purposes dates back to the colonial period. "

The idea for the outing system originated with Richard Henry Pratt, the founder of the Carlisle Indian School.


 * 1) In 1878, the government decided to return a group of Native American prisoners held at Fort Marion to their reservations.
 * 2) Pratt persuaded the Indian Office to allow him to retain seventeen of the younger male inmates in the East, where they would be educated at Hampton Institute, a formerly all-Black school in Virginia.
 * 3) Pratt soon suggested that students would benefit from spending their summers with farmers. The first outings took place during the summer of 1878.
 * 4) He went to the Secretary of the Interior, Carl Schurz, to open the Native American School in 1879. (for close contact between Native Americans and white people rather than Black people). Pratt was allowed to do so in the summer of 1879.
 * 5) The outing system at Carlisle started during the summer of 1880-24 children, most of them returned.
 * 6) Summer of 1881: 109 students, 6 returned
 * 7) Growing fast in the early 1880s, nearly 250 students for the summer, more than a hundred for the whole year, thought to be a success.
 * 8) A high of 948 students in 1903.

Between 1880 and 1886, the Indian Office began to open off-reservation industrial schools in the West, modeled after Carlisle.

None of these schools immediately set up outing programs, but CONGRESS encouraged the development of outing programs by passing a series of LAWS.

Examples: In 1882, Congress allocated funds to place children with white families who would provide care/education in exchange for work. By 1884, the government approved the payment of funds for the transport of children. "Later, " Congress added a provision to cover medical and clothing costs.

FIRST use of the outing system in the West: 1889, when William Beadle of Chemawa (formerly Forest Grove) school sent a dozen boys to work in nearby farms.

(Support from Indian Commissioner Thomas J. Morgan)

(Sugar Beet thing)

Indian industrial school in Phoenix, Arizona-the second largest program-less emphasis on assimilation, more on child labor for the benefit of non-Native Americans. -started in 1893-about 200 students, mostly girls, ended in the 1920s.

OTHER SCHOOLS – Haskell Institute, Perris School in California, Carson School in Nevada, Fiske Institute in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

(More harm than good, supervision;

At the end of the 1890s, the matrons)

A series of (1902) scandals = close supervision;

Pratt grew to criticize the outing program during his retirement.

Anna Moore Shaw's Research

More Phoenix School Numbers

1909-73 girls earning $5,000

1923-273 girls earning $23,185

1920s-Students were allowed to work only during the summer.

1926 Government Study!!!

"The hidden half: A history of Native American women's education"

Consequences:

Destruction of Native American women's traditional roles

Limited their work skills in such a way that the only choice of work they had when they returned to the reservation was to be a servant in a European American home.

Timeline

1878: The US government decides to return a group of Native Americans held as prisoners at Fort Marion (Castillo de San Marcos) in Florida to their reservations. Richard Henry Pratt persuades the Indian Office (Bureau of Indian Affairs) to retain custody of seventeen of the younger men to be educated at Hampton Institute (Hampton University), a formerly all black school in Virginia (Trennert, 270).

Pratt decides that the men would benefit from spending their summers with farmers and the first formal outings take place (Trennert, 271).

1879: Pratt decides that the men need more close contact with white people and should leave the primarily black Hampton Institute (Hampton University). With the permission of Carl Schurz, Secretary of the Interior, Pratt is authorized to open the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania (Trennert, 271).

1880: Carlisle's outing program begins. 24 children take part and most of them are returned to the school (Trennert, 272).

1881: 109 children participate in Carlisle's outing program and only six students are returned to the school (Trennert, 272).

1880-1886: The Indian Office (Bureau of Indian Affairs) opens American Indian boarding schools in the western United States, modeled after Carlisle (Trennert, 275-276).

1882-1884(?): Congress passes a series of laws to encourage the development of outing programs at new American Indian boarding schools (Trennert, 276).

1885: Almost 250 children take part in the outing program at Carlisle for the summer and more than 100 of them take part for the whole year (Trennert, 273).

1889: At the Chemawa Indian School, a dozen boys are sent to work in nearby farms, marking the first use of an outing program in the western United States (Trennert, 276).

?-1990: Outing programs begin at Haskell Institute (Haskell Indian Nations University) in Kansas, Perris School (Sherman Indian High School) in California, Carson School (Stewart Indian School) in Nevada, and Fiske Institute in New Mexico (Trennert, 282-283).

1893: Phoenix Indian School begins its outing program. The program would eventually become the second largest in the country after the Carlisle program (Trennert, 279).

1896. Two hundred children, mostly girls, participate in the Phoenix outing program (Trennert, 281).

Late 1890s-Early 1900s: Criticism of outing programs grows, leading to the hiring of outing matrons to oversee programs (Trennert, 281).

1903: The outing program at Carlisle peaks with 948 children participating (Trennert, 275).

1920s: The Phoenix outing program scales back significantly (Trennert, 288).

1928: The Meriam Report concludes that there is little reason to continue outing programs (Trennert, 290).