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Article: Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe

Section: Concepts and definitions

The historian Julian Jackson argued that there were three discrete forms of Jewish resistance in the course of his study of the German occupation of France:

"One can distinguish three categories of Jewish resistance: first, individual French Jews in the general Resistance; secondly, specifically Jewish organizations in the general Resistance; thirdly, Resistance organizations (not necessarily comprising Jews alone) with specifically Jewish objectives."

In his book The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy, Martin Gilbert defines Jewish resistance more widely: "In every ghetto, in every deportation train, in every labor camp, even in the death camps, the will to resist was strong, and took many forms. Fighting with the few weapons that would be found, individual acts of defiance and protest, the courage of obtaining food and water under the threat of death, the superiority of refusing to allow the Germans their final wish to gloat over panic and despair.

Even passivity was a form of resistance. To die with dignity was a form of resistance. To resist the demoralizing, brutalizing force of evil, to refuse to be reduced to the level of animals, to live through the torment, to outlive the tormentors, these too were acts of resistance. Merely to give a witness of these events in testimony was, in the end, a contribution to victory. Simply to survive was a victory of the human spirit."

This view is supported by Yehuda Bauer, who wrote that resistance to the Nazis comprised not only physical opposition, but any activity that gave the Jewish people dignity and humanity despite the humiliating and inhumane conditions. Bauer disputes the popular view that most Jews went to their deaths passively—"like sheep to the slaughter". He argues that, given the conditions in which the Jews of Eastern Europe had to live under and endure, what is surprising is not how little resistance there was, but rather how much resistance was present.

- https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7zswcf

- https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/assets/pdf/education-outreach/Resistance-During-the-Holocaust-NYLM-Guide.pdf

https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=42f594cc57b8486cbd1e3ff8770962a2 "Auschwitz Revolt

With the closings of the Operation Reinhard camps, the Allied forces moving into Poland, and the Polish army revolting against German forces, the resistance movement in Auschwitz planned to start their own rebellion. Ella Gärtner, Ester Wajcblum, and Regina Safirsztain smuggled gunpowder from the munitions factory to members of the camp's resistance group in small pieces of cloth and paper."

https://books.google.co.il/books?id=CQebQgAACAAJ&dq=Jewish+resistance+in+German-occupied+Europe&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7lJ_8xt3oAhWDy6QKHWFFCPwQ6AEIPzAD