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Fossil fuel subsidies are energy subsidies on fossil fuels. They may be tax breaks on consumption, such as a lower sales tax on natural gas for residential heating; or subsidies on production, such as tax breaks on exploration for oil. Or they may be free or cheap negative externalities; such as air pollution or climate change due to burning gasoline, diesel and jet fuel. Some fossil fuel subsidies are via electricity generation, such as subsidies for coal-fired power stations.

Despite the G20 countries having pledged to phase-out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies, they may be continued because of voter demand or for energy security. Global fossil fuel consumption subsidies in 2021 have been estimated at 440 billion dollars.

Measurement
Subsidies may be estimated by adding up direct subsidies from government, comparing prices in a country to world market prices, and sometimes attempting to include the cost of damage to human health and the climate.

Effects
Subsidies on consumption reduce the price of energy for end consumers, for example the cost of gasoline for car drivers in Iran. This may win votes at elections and some people in government say it helps poorer citizens.

The consensus among economists is that the rich get most absolute benefit from fossil fuel subsidies, for example the poorest people do not usually own cars. But removing the subsidies may hit poor people via indirect price increases such as food prices, so they get a lot of benefit relative to their total income.

Producers, such as oil companies, say that increasing taxes on them would cause unemployment and reduce national energy security.

Health effects
Subsidies are estimated to cause hundreds of thousands of deaths from air pollution each year.

Economic effects
Subsidies use government money that could be spent on other things. The International Monetary Fund says that by encouraging excess energy use they can make countries more vulnerable to variation in international energy prices. However some governments say that the subsidies are necessary to shield citizens from such variation.

Environmental effects
Subsidies affect the environment and removing them would help limit climate change.

Phase-out
and link back from there

Many economists recommend replacing consumption subsidies with direct payments targeted at poor people or households.

History
Tax breaks for oil and gas exploration have been in place since at least the early 20th century.

Coal
Coal subsidies in 2020 have been estimated at 1.7 billion dollars.

Oil
Oil subsidies in 2020 have been estimated at 90 billion dollars.

Gas
Gas subsidies in 2020 have been estimated at 37 billion dollars.

China
The energy policy of China says that energy security requires subsidy of production and consumption of fossil fuels including coal, oil and natural gas.

Libya
Libya had the highest subsidy by percent GDP in 2020 at 17.5%.

Saudi Arabia
Most subsidy is via electricity.

Venezuela
2020 subsidy has been estimated at 7% of GDP.

India
India - oil estimated 21 billion dollar 2019 - cite bruegel if can find if not https://www.brinknews.com/asia-pacific-must-phase-out-fossil-fuel-subsidies/

Indonesia
- oil estimated 19 billion dollar 2019 - cite bruegel if can find if not https://www.brinknews.com/asia-pacific-must-phase-out-fossil-fuel-subsidies/

Iran
- further info Iranian subsidy reform plan 5<% gdp 2020 12bn usd https://www.iea.org/topics/energy-subsidies

uk - move as I wrote it? tax breaks https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1461452920960349

USA - further info Energy subs in usa "A Treasury Department office estimated that eliminating subsidies for fossil fuel companies would boost government tax receipts by more than $35 billion in the coming decade." - paraphrase. because of political difficulties pricing carbon cite https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/07/3-essential-steps-towards-ending-fossil-fuel-subsidies/ the Biden Administration attempted in 2021 to remove some tax breaks from fossil fuel companies

but faced their opposition via the American Petroleum Institute to scrapping "intangible drilling costs". cite https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-treasury-tax-energy-idUSKBN2BU2HL

......................... Put in pazartesi? sabah l,nk Fiscalité noire Connect fossil fuel subsidy (Q98871150) - same as Q16636333 french? ask proj for support - leave editing şimdiki as late as poss as belki "sıcak noktası" kullancı seyrediyor. Ama belki değil - belki sadece taşınmaya şeyler seyrediyor. add fusion

whereas Umweltschädliche Subventionen is env harm subsidy