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Melville Best Anderson (March 28, 1851 – June 22, 1933) is an American educator, author, and translator. He was a professor in numerous universities, including Stanford University, Purdue University, and the University of Iowa.

Anderson was born at Kalamazoo, Michigan March 28, 1851, son of the Reverend Edward C. and Helen (Best) Anderson. He studied at Cornell University, 1870-'72, but took no degree. After three years spent in teaching and private study, he went abroad and studied literature and history at the universities of Göttingen and Paris, 1875-'77. He was professor of modern languages at Butler University, 1877-'80; professor of English literature at Knox College., 1881-'86; professor of literature and history at Purdue university, 1886-'87; professor of the English language and literature at the University of Iowa, 1887-'91; and became professor of English literature at Leland Stanford Jr. university, Cal., in 1891. He was married in 1875 to Charlena Van Vleck. He translated from the French, Hugo's "William Shakespeare"(1886); six volumes of the biographical series known as the "Great French Writers" (1887-'89); "Paul and Virginia" (1894); and contributed to The Dial and other periodicals.