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The beginnings of feminist literature
The roots of feminist literature start off in convents (around the 11th century), as religious women were the only ones who were taught to read and write unlike other women at the time destined to marriage. Religious women were therefore the first feminist authors who were able to start questioning the social hierarchy of their (european) societies, like Jane Anger who wrote in 1589 that women, unlike what the huge majority of europeans believed during the 16th century, may actually be superior to men. Indeed, her interpretation of the creation of Eve in the Bible was that, as she was created from Adam’s rib whereas he was created from dirt, Eve (and therefore women) was(/were) a better version of the human being.

The development of feminism outside of the religious context however, was much harder as women intellectuals were not tolerated if not gifted with a “divine inspiration” like in the previous religious context.

First Circles of Women Intellectuals
Circles of women intellectuals still managed to appear progressively like Mary Astell’s, an author from the 17th/18th centuries. Through the literature emerging from them, women were encouraged to develop their own judgements and ways of thinking like in Astell’s A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, for the Advancement of Their True and Greatest Interest , (1694), calling to an intellectual emancipation of women and challenging the education of women.

The birth of a real “movement”
The apparition of a real movement became clearer at the end of the 19th century, based on the education of girls, the legal situation of married women and the lack of accessibility to employment for women. Another cause then became central in this movement: the right to vote, and with it the term “suffragette” One of the first countries to give women the right to vote was New Zealand, in 1893. Then, the majority of European countries gave women the right to vote at the end of WW1; 1918: Britain and Germany, 1919: Austria and Netherlands, 1920: US, and women now have the right to vote in every country where elections take place since the instauration of women suffrage in Saudi Arabia in 2015.

Importance of World War I
The First World War was a key moment for feminism. As women engaged in the war effort, the world realized the possibility and need for women to contribute to society in the world of labour too. It challenged the idea of the inferiority of women anchored in western societies and made it hard to support the idea that women were unfit to vote. Finally, it allowed women to enter the “public arena” they had been deprived from for centuries. The feminism movement and its literature continued to evolve through the 20th century, the ‘second-wave’ feminism and the UN established a Commission on the Status of Women in 1947, proof of the progress of the movement.

Diverse Feminism(s)
As the movement gained more importance and reached women of the entire world, the necessity for a diversity of feminisms to answer different issues faced by different women became clear. This need was for instance expressed by the author Simone de Beauvoir in The Second Sex (1949), exploring a large variety of categories of women (chapters: the girl child, the wife, the mother, the prostitute, the narcissist, the lesbian, and the woman in love).

This necessity to recognize different forms of feminism was also expressed later by Ien Ang, in 1995 saying that the lack of understanding and relating between different feminists should be accepted rather than trying to be brought down in the name of an unreal united feminism.