User:Chris.urs-o/Sandbox


 * Second Sandbox; Library and Biographies; Frisco, Yellowstone & earthquakes; Basin and Range Province - Overview - Working draft; Template; IAVCEI; Contributions; Re Wegener; Timeline of the Geodynamics; Plate tectonics
 * Mineral groups (non silicates); Mineral groups (silicates);
 * Identification of Minerals; Identification of Minerals (non Class 01 and Mohs less than 7, non white streak); Identification of Minerals (non Class 01 and Mohs less than 7, white streak) - Volcanism - Extinktion

Important minerals

 * Mineral dyes are impure minerals, unfaceted gems, cobalt, cadmium, germanium
 * Stone age: Flintstone, Copper group/ Gold group
 * Age of Metals
 * Bronze Age
 * Copper age: Chalcopyrite, chalcocite
 * Copper alloys (tin, zinc, arsenic): Cassiterite, galena, acanthite
 * After late 3rd millennium BC: Tin bronze is the sole bronze
 * Iron age: Hematite, magnetite, sphalerite
 * Damascus steel
 * Porcelain/ ceramics
 * French revolution
 * Magnesium ores: Magnesite, dolomite, brucite, carnallite, talc
 * Manganese ores: Pyrolusite, psilomelane
 * Nickel ores: Pentlandite, limonite, garnierite
 * XX century
 * Aluminium: Bauxite (a rock)
 * Vanadium: Patronite, vanadinite, carnotite, vanadium-bearing magnetite
 * Cold war, uranium ores: Uraninite, carnotite, autunite, uranophane, torbernite, coffinite
 * "Space race" metals:
 * Titanium: Ilmenite, rutile
 * Chrom: Chromite, magnesiochromite
 * Molybdenum: Molybdenite
 * Tungsten: Scheelite
 * Age of electronics: Rare earth element ores

Elements and anions
La: Lanthanum, Nb: Niobium, Nd: Neodynium, Y: Yttrium, Yb: Ytterbium, Ce: Cerium, Cs: Caesium


 * Sulfide, sulfite , hydrogen sulfite HSO3−, thiosulfate , sulfate
 * Telluride, tellurite , thiotellurate , tellurate
 * Selenide, selenite , thioselenate , selenate
 * Hypochlorite ClO−, chlorite ClO2−, chlorate ClO3−, perchlorate ClO4−
 * Hydrogen carbonate HCO3−, carbonate CO32−
 * Phosphide P3-, monothiophosphate PO3S3-, hypophosphite H2PO2&minus;, phosphate (PO43-), metaphosphate PO3&minus;, pyrophosphate P2O74−, hydrogen phosphate HPO42−, dihydrogen phosphate H2PO4−
 * arsenate (AsO$3− 4$)
 * VO43− orthovanadate, V2O74− pyrovanadate,
 * NO2− is nitrite, while NO3− is nitrate, hypochlorite is ClO−, perchlorate is ClO4−,


 * CrO42− chromate
 * Cr2O72− dichromate
 * BO33− borate
 * CN− cyanide
 * SCN− thiocyanate
 * MnO4− permanganate

2011 Tōhoku earthquake, Japan
Addendum to: "I don't think that predictions should be included but it is notable that in 2007 Satake et al. said that a repeat of the 869 earthquake and tsunami was 99% probable over the next 30 years. Mikenorton (talk) 00:05, 18 March 2011 (UTC)"
 * Following :
 * which cites, there is a sequence, 1498, 1605, 1707, 1854, and 1944-1946, with an average interval of about 120 years; the 1944-1946 sequence did not reach the northeastern part of the Nankai through (called the Suruga through), thereby leaving this portion as a mature seismic gap.

Cabot Fault (Long Range Fault)
The largest and most important fault in the area is the Long Range Fault (Cabot Fault) which runs from the bridge crossing the TCH at McDougall's Brook to the northeast coast of Newfoundland at the Baie Verte Peninsula. This fault also runs through Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. The Long Range Fault once marked the boundary between North America and Europe before the two continents separated about 200 million years ago.



Life
The mineral howieite (IMA 1964-017) was named in his honour. Cambridge University awarded him a ScD degree (1974), 'The Geological Society' awarded him the Murchison Medal (1976) and the Mineralogical Society of America awarded him the Public Service Award (1999).

Selected publications

 * Note: 5 volumes

Hans Schardt

 * Hans Schardt demonstrates that the Prealps are allochthonous.
 * Hans Schardt (1858–1931)
 * Hans Schardt (1858–1931)
 * Hans Schardt (1858–1931)
 * Hans Schardt (1858–1931)
 * Hans Schardt (1858–1931)
 * Hans Schardt (1858–1931)

Porträt aus dem Bildarchiv der ETH-Bibliothek

Hans Schardt was born in Basel. After the end of the school he went to Yverdon, in order to learn the pharmacy profession, but also interested in geology. In 1883 he received the diploma for high school teachers and pharmacists. Now Schardt officially took the step to geology and graduated just a year later in Geneva on "Etudes sur le Pays-Géologiques d'Enhaut vaudois. From 1893 to 1897 he taught science and geography at the College de Montreux. He also drove his started with the thesis research in the Alps is continuing. In 1891 he qualified as a professor at the University of Lausanne and deepened his knowledge during a stay in Heidelberg.

1897 called the Academy and later University of Neuchâtel Hans Schardt full professor of geology and paleontology. Besides teaching and research, he was instrumental in establishing the geological institute and chaired the Society for Natural Sciences in the years 1908 to 1910. 1911 was the successor to Hans Albert Schardt homes, as Professor of Geology at ETH and University of Zurich. After 17 years of service to the two universities joined Schardt back from his teaching.

As a researcher, Hans Schardt dealt primarily with tectonics, hydrology, stratigraphy and applied geology. First and foremost, his name remains attached to the ceiling theory. As early as 1834 Albert Heim predecessor Arnold Escher was recognized by the Lindt that is present in the Alps, not a mere convolution. He declared himself the wrong age sequence of rock layers in the Glarus Alps, with a double fold and made the mountains of Glarus in order to geological special case. The ceiling theory, however, explains the phenomenon due to thrusting of younger strata over older ones. Between 1878 and 1902, a scientific dispute raged between the representatives of the two theories. In an article from 1893 showed Schardt, that even in the Präalpen western Switzerland older Jurassic sediments were younger flysch, allaying the special role of the Glarus Alps, and finally to break through the ceiling theory helped.

Hans Schardt also served as a geologic consultant in the construction of various buildings for example, of the Simplon tunnel or Wäggitalwerks. In his teaching the practice had a high priority. Field trips were for him the basis of all geological knowledge, he also introduced in the course of geological time with training in the teaching. His retirement in 1928 could not slow down his drive. He continued his studies and climbed high peaks until shortly before his death from a stroke at the age of 73.

Otto Ampferer
Otto Ampferer (December 1, 1875 in Innsbruck; † July 9, 1947) was an Austrian mountaineer and geologist.

To explain the complex processes of mountain building, he developed his under-current theory with the idea of a partially plastic crust. He was - before Alfred Wegener - the forerunner of the modern view of Mobilismus.

Life and work
Otto Ampferer's name is associated inter alia with the undercurrent of theory, a hypothesis for the formation of mountains, which later contributed to the development of plate tectonics. His main job was the geology of the Alps. In the course of his thorough mapping of the Tyrolean Limestone Alps in 1901, he recognized the Karwendel-thrust. In 1906 he wrote an analysis of the motion picture of the folded mountains, where he opposed the contraction theory of A. Heim, but this was refuted definitively only in 1960.

In 1928 he described the example of the yoke Stanser a relief thrust, which was an example for future work. [1] Furthermore, the expression coined Ampferer Totfaltung and Bergzerreißung.

In 1901 he entered the service of the Vienna Geological Survey, the then kk Geological Institute Reich said. From 1935 to 1937 he was Director of Research Institute, but continued its tectonic, glacial and regional geological work. Altogether, he authored 260 publications and numerous geological map sheets.

He was not only an eminent geologist, as a mountaineer, he made his name. He ascended (also known as Campanile Basso) 1899 along with Karl Berger was the first to Spire of Brenta in the Brenta Dolomites. Ampfere also was a good draftsman, who was not limited to geological subjects.

In 1902 he married Olga Sanders, sister of the famous Innsbruck geologist Bruno Sander.[2]

Honours
He was inter alia elected member of the Vienna Academy of Sciences. In 1937 he received for his work, the geo-Eduard Suess Medal, 1939, the Geological Association awarded him the first to Gustav Steinmann Medal with the inscription "The Thinker, in the depths of the mountains".

1956 in Vienna Ampferergasse favorites was named after him. In the West there is a Ampfererstraße Innsbruck.

Since 1983, gives the Austrian Geological Society (ÖGG) every two years, the Otto Dockter Prize to Geosciences (under 35 years) for outstanding achievements in the field of geosciences.

Timeline around the Iapetus Ocean suture zone

 * Supercontinent Columbia (2000-1800 Ma)
 * Trans-Hudson orogeny: result of the collision of the Superior craton with the Hearne craton and the Wyoming craton during the Proterozoic (2000-1800 Ma).
 * Labradorian events (1710-1600 Ma)
 * Pinwarian events (1520-1460 Ma)
 * Grenville orogeny (SE North American craton), Kibaran orogeny (Africa) and Dalslandian orogeny (western Europe).
 * Elzevirian orogeny (1250-1190 Ma)
 * Supercontinent Rodinia (1100-750 Ma)
 * Shawingian orogeny (1140-1080 Ma)
 * Ottawan orogeny (1080-1020 Ma)
 * Rigolet orogeny (1010-980 Ma)
 * Continental rifting of the Southwest margin of the North American craton
 * Formation of the Panthalassic Ocean (800-700 Ma)
 * Cadomian Orogeny, late Neoproterozoic, about 650-550 Ma
 * Supercontinent Pannotia (600-540 Ma)
 * Prototethys Ocean, from the latest Ediacaran (575-542 Ma) to the Silurian, Llandovery (444-428 Ma). When the North and South China microcontinents, moved northward, this caused the ocean to shrink, until North China collided with Siberia.
 * Rheic Ocean
 * West: 500 to 435 Ma (Silurian, Llandovery)
 * East: 500 to 455 Ma (Ordovician, Llandeilo)
 * Paleotethys Ocean, began to form when the two small Hunic terranes rifted away from Gondwana in the late Ordovician, to begin moving toward Euramerica in the north, in the process the Rheic Ocean between Old Red Sandstone Continent and the Hunic terranes was to disappear.
 * West (Armorica, Marocco, Taurus): c. 445 to 305-235 Ma (Middle Triassic)
 * East (Alborz, Himalaya, N Australia): c. 430 to 120-75 Ma (Late Cretaceous)
 * Rheno-Hercynian: 400 Ma (Devonian, Pragian) to 320 Ma
 * Appalachian orogeny (closing of the Iapetus Ocean; forming the Appalachian, Caledonian and Mauritanides mountain belts (Fig. 2) as well as the Hercynian chain of Europe):
 * Taconic orogeny (c. 440 Ma)
 * Avalonia collides against the “North American” continent (c. 420 Ma)
 * Acadian orogeny (c. 370 Ma, “New England” collides against “Africa”)
 * Early Alleghenian orogeny (c. 320 Ma)
 * Climax of the Alleghenian orogeny (c. 290 Ma)
 * Neotethys Ocean (Ionian E Mediterranean, N Australia, Hymalaya, Oman, Taurus)
 * 300-275 Ma to 100 Ma
 * Supercontinent Pangea (250 Ma)
 * Continental rifting and opening of the Central Atlantic Ocean around the Triassic, Rhaetian stage (204-200 Ma)
 * Separation of Laurasia from Gondwana (200-180 Ma)
 * Central Atlantic Magmatic Province, begin: 190-180 Ma
 * Triple junction: Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Azores Fracture Zone
 * North Atlantic between Iberia and Grand Banks: 110 Ma
 * Norwegian Sea: 54 Ma
 * Svalbard-Greenland: 33 Ma
 * Pyrenean Ocean: 120 to 40-35 Ma
 * Bay of Biscay: 105 to 45 Ma
 * Triple Junction: Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Bay of Biscay Fracture Zone (Pyrennes)
 * Rockall Trough: 100 to 80 Ma
 * Triple Junction: Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Rockall Trough (Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone)
 * Labrador Sea: 79 to 43 Ma
 * Triple Junction: Reykjanes Ridge, Labrador Sea
 * Alpine Tethys (Alpine orogeny)
 * East: 165-160 Ma to 30 Ma
 * West: 175-165 Ma to 30 Ma
 * 32 Ma: subducted European (and Valaisan) lower crust slab breaks off.
 * Indian Ocean
 * NW Australia-Argo Sea/Argo Land Mass: 135 Ma
 * Mozambique-Somalia (Somoma Sea): 146 Ma
 * Africa-Antarctica: 142 Ma
 * The Bouvet Triple Junction: the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR), and the American-Antarctic Ridge (AAR)
 * Antarctica-India-Australia: 122 Ma
 * Rajmahal-Kerguelen igneous province, the Rodrigues Triple Junction: the Central Indian Ridge (between the African and Indo-Australian plates); the Southwest Indian Ridge (between the African and Antarctic plates); and the Southeast Indian Ridge (between the Indo-Australian and Antarctic plates).
 * Mascarene, Deccan Traps: 64 Ma
 * Indian Ridge: 37 Ma
 * Continental rifting and opening of the South Atlantic Ocean around the Cretaceous, Hauterivian stage (136-130 Ma)
 * Paraná and Etendeka traps (132 Ma)
 * South of Walvis Ridge: 128 Ma
 * North of Walvis Ridge: 112 Ma
 * Equatorial Atlantic Magmatic Province: 89 Ma
 * Triple Junction: Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Benue Trough
 * 133-131 Ma, rifting begins between Australia/ Marie Byrd Land (Hikurangi Plateau) and South New Zealand/New Caledonia
 * 110 Ma, West Antarctic Ridge begins
 * Laramide orogeny: prior to the Eocene epoch (55.8 to 33.9 Ma) the convergence rate of the Farallon and North American Plates was fast, the angle of subduction was shallow and subduction-associated compressive forces were present.
 * Mid-Tertiary ignimbrite flare-up, 40-25 Ma.
 * Collision between the Indian and the Eurasian Plate, 50.6 ±0.2 Ma.
 * 30 Ma Red Sea, Afar Depression, Afar Triple Junction.
 * 19 Ma: subducted Farallon Plate slab breaks off, island arc accreation.
 * 17 Ma: Basin and Range Province extension begins.

Pending Changes
I believe that the main goal of Pending Changes is that destructive edits of IPs are not going live. So that the frustrated IPs will do less vandalism. I do not understand why an IP does vandalism, if it does not get visible after all. These articles are current events, the IP behaviour changes too much over time :( Of course, IPs could have tried to falsify the results of the Pending Changes trial to dump the feature :( --Chris.urs-o (talk) 09:57, 13 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Semi-protection: Pig, Penguin, Obesity, Cheetah, Moon, Turtle, Dinosaur, Thomas Edison, Baseball
 * 2010; reverted/total IP edits
 * Apple:
 * 0/0 (Jan), 0/0 (Feb), 0/0 (March), 0/0 (April), 0/0 (May), 5/13 (June)
 * Down syndrome:
 * 0/0 (Jan), 0/0 (Feb), 0/0 (March), 0/0 (April), 0/0 (May), 5/5 (June)
 * World War II:
 * / (Jan), / (Feb), / (March), / (April), / (May), / (June)
 * The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film):
 * 0/0 (Jan), 0/0 (Feb), 0/0 (March), 0/0 (April), 0/0 (May), 5/13 (June)
 * Too many events: 2010 Formula One season, 2010–11 Arsenal F.C. season