User:Chris.urs-o/Sandbox.010

Intro

Da.- Identification of minerals (white streak, Mohs lower than 4½)

 * Color: 0/ white (wht), translucent (tlc); 1/ grey, metallic (gry); 2/ yellow (yll); 3/ yellowish green (y-g); 4/ green (grn); 5/ bluish green (b-g); 6/ cyan (cyan); 7/ cyan-blue (c-b); 8/ blue (blue); 9/ violet (vlt); 10/ magenta (mgt); 11/ magenta-red (m-r); 12/ red (red); 13/ orange (org); 14/ brown, black grey (brw); 15/ black (blk); etc.
 * Crystal notation: 0/ amorphous; 1/ triclinic (Tri, point group 1 or $\overline{1}$); 2/ monoclinic (Mono, point group 2, m or 2/m); 22/ orthorhombic (Ortho, point group 222, mm2 or mmm); 4/ tetragonal (Tetra, point group 4...); 63/ hexagonal/trigonal (Trig, point group 3...); 66/ hexagonal/hexagonal (Hex, point group 6...); 3/ cubic or isometric (Iso, point group 23, m$\overline{3}$, 432, $\overline{4}$3m or m$\overline{3}$m).

Db.- Identification of minerals (white streak, Mohs higher than 4)

 * Color: 0/ white (wht), translucent (tlc); 1/ grey, metallic (gry); 2/ yellow (yll); 3/ yellowish green (y-g); 4/ green (grn); 5/ bluish green (b-g); 6/ cyan (cyan); 7/ cyan-blue (c-b); 8/ blue (blue); 9/ violet (vlt); 10/ magenta (mgt); 11/ magenta-red (m-r); 12/ red (red); 13/ orange (org); 14/ brown, black grey (brw); 15/ black (blk); etc.
 * Crystal notation: 0/ amorphous; 1/ triclinic (Tri, point group 1 or $\overline{1}$); 2/ monoclinic (Mono, point group 2, m or 2/m); 22/ orthorhombic (Ortho, point group 222, mm2 or mmm); 4/ tetragonal (Tetra, point group 4...); 63/ hexagonal/trigonal (Trig, point group 3...); 66/ hexagonal/hexagonal (Hex, point group 6...); 3/ cubic or isometric (Iso, point group 23, m$\overline{3}$, 432, $\overline{3}$3m or m$\overline{1}$m).

Rodinia

 * Die SWEAT-Variante (von Southwest US – East Antantarctica) geht davon aus, dass sich die Antarktis südwestlich an Laurentia anschloss. Australien lag nördlich anschließend an die Antarktis.
 * Die AUSWUS-Variante (von Australien – western US) geht dagegen davon aus, dass Australien damals am Westrand von Laurentia lag. Die Antarktis lag in derselben Position an Australien wie in der SWEAT-Variante, hatte jedoch durch die weiter südliche Position von Australien keinen direkten Kontakt mit Laurentia.
 * In der AUSMEX-Variante (von Australien – Mexico) liegt Australien noch weiter südlich von Laurentia (relativ zur heutigen Lage Nordamerikas) und schloss etwa auf der Höhe Mexikos an Laurentia an.
 * Die SWEAT-Variante (von Southwest US – East Antantarctica) geht davon aus, dass sich die Antarktis südwestlich an Laurentia anschloss. Australien lag nördlich anschließend an die Antarktis.
 * Die AUSWUS-Variante (von Australien – western US) geht dagegen davon aus, dass Australien damals am Westrand von Laurentia lag. Die Antarktis lag in derselben Position an Australien wie in der SWEAT-Variante, hatte jedoch durch die weiter südliche Position von Australien keinen direkten Kontakt mit Laurentia.
 * In der AUSMEX-Variante (von Australien – Mexico) liegt Australien noch weiter südlich von Laurentia (relativ zur heutigen Lage Nordamerikas) und schloss etwa auf der Höhe Mexikos an Laurentia an.
 * Die SWEAT-Variante (von Southwest US – East Antantarctica) geht davon aus, dass sich die Antarktis südwestlich an Laurentia anschloss. Australien lag nördlich anschließend an die Antarktis.
 * Die AUSWUS-Variante (von Australien – western US) geht dagegen davon aus, dass Australien damals am Westrand von Laurentia lag. Die Antarktis lag in derselben Position an Australien wie in der SWEAT-Variante, hatte jedoch durch die weiter südliche Position von Australien keinen direkten Kontakt mit Laurentia.
 * In der AUSMEX-Variante (von Australien – Mexico) liegt Australien noch weiter südlich von Laurentia (relativ zur heutigen Lage Nordamerikas) und schloss etwa auf der Höhe Mexikos an Laurentia an.

Bogdanova et al. (2009) basierend auf Li et al. (2008) verwirft alle drei Varianten. Beide Arbeiten gehen von einer Rodinia-Konfiguration aus, bei der Südchina an der Westküste Laurentias lag. Teile Südamerikas schlossen an der Ostküste Laurentias an, nördlich davon folgte Baltica. Südlich Laurentias lagen verschiedene Blöcke des späteren Gondwana, nördlich Laurentias lagen Grönland und Sibirien. Die Positionen beziehen sich in etwa auf die Orientierung des heutigen Nordamerika. Dagegen betonen Goodge et al. (2008) wieder das SWEAT-Modell.

Single cause

 * Single Cause: Chicxulub hypothesis
 * A team of 41 scientists reviewed 20 years of scientific literature.
 * Schulte et al. (21 May 2010) literature for the sake of WP:NPOV.
 * Schulte et al. (21 May 2010) literature for the sake of WP:NPOV.

Multiple Causes
Chicxulub (diameter 10 km), Shiva crater (Iridium signal, diameter 40 km) and Deccan Traps

Sankar Chatterjee

 * Probably, no peer-reviewed papers.
 * Probably, no peer-reviewed papers.
 * Probably, no peer-reviewed papers.
 * Probably, no peer-reviewed papers.

Hotspots

 * The largest flood basalt events mark the earliest volcanic activity of many major hot spots
 * Simultaneous generation of hotspots and superswells by convection
 * As shown by seismic structure of slabs, the subducting plates cross the 660 km discontinuity and sink down toward the core mantle boundary (CMB) (van der Hilst and Seno, 1993; van der Hilst et al., 1997; Bijwaard and Spakman, 1998). Such a process causes significant instability at the 660 km depth seismic discontinuity and also close to the CMB. Models of convection showed that new plumes might form as a result of boundary layer instabilities (Whitehead and Chen, 1970; Dubuffet et al., 2000).
 * It is likely that large mantle plumes ascending from a thermal layer just above the core-mantle boundary (c. 2800 km) are a result of lower mantle upwelling (Olson et al., 1990; Griffiths and Campbell, 1990). Griffiths and Campbell’s (1990) model predicts that such plume heads attain a diameter of 800–1200 km.
 * A common view of lower mantle upwelling is that it has the capacity to generate large quantities of basaltic magma (White and McKenzie, 1989; Campbell and Griffiths, 1990; Duncan and Richards, 1991; Schilling et al., 1992; Lanyon et al., 1993; Weaver et al., 1994; Coffin and Eldholm, 1994; Wilson and Guiraud, 1998) generally as continental flood volcanics (CFV) or flood basalts (FB), and oceanic plateaus.
 * Since Morgan (1971), the role of lower mantle upwelling in continental breakup has been discussed by many investigators (e.g. Storey, 1995; Courtillot et al., 1999; Hawkesworth et al., 1999; Segev, 2000).
 * It is likely that large mantle plumes ascending from a thermal layer just above the core-mantle boundary (c. 2800 km) are a result of lower mantle upwelling (Olson et al., 1990; Griffiths and Campbell, 1990). Griffiths and Campbell’s (1990) model predicts that such plume heads attain a diameter of 800–1200 km.
 * A common view of lower mantle upwelling is that it has the capacity to generate large quantities of basaltic magma (White and McKenzie, 1989; Campbell and Griffiths, 1990; Duncan and Richards, 1991; Schilling et al., 1992; Lanyon et al., 1993; Weaver et al., 1994; Coffin and Eldholm, 1994; Wilson and Guiraud, 1998) generally as continental flood volcanics (CFV) or flood basalts (FB), and oceanic plateaus.
 * Since Morgan (1971), the role of lower mantle upwelling in continental breakup has been discussed by many investigators (e.g. Storey, 1995; Courtillot et al., 1999; Hawkesworth et al., 1999; Segev, 2000).
 * It is likely that large mantle plumes ascending from a thermal layer just above the core-mantle boundary (c. 2800 km) are a result of lower mantle upwelling (Olson et al., 1990; Griffiths and Campbell, 1990). Griffiths and Campbell’s (1990) model predicts that such plume heads attain a diameter of 800–1200 km.
 * A common view of lower mantle upwelling is that it has the capacity to generate large quantities of basaltic magma (White and McKenzie, 1989; Campbell and Griffiths, 1990; Duncan and Richards, 1991; Schilling et al., 1992; Lanyon et al., 1993; Weaver et al., 1994; Coffin and Eldholm, 1994; Wilson and Guiraud, 1998) generally as continental flood volcanics (CFV) or flood basalts (FB), and oceanic plateaus.
 * Since Morgan (1971), the role of lower mantle upwelling in continental breakup has been discussed by many investigators (e.g. Storey, 1995; Courtillot et al., 1999; Hawkesworth et al., 1999; Segev, 2000).
 * A common view of lower mantle upwelling is that it has the capacity to generate large quantities of basaltic magma (White and McKenzie, 1989; Campbell and Griffiths, 1990; Duncan and Richards, 1991; Schilling et al., 1992; Lanyon et al., 1993; Weaver et al., 1994; Coffin and Eldholm, 1994; Wilson and Guiraud, 1998) generally as continental flood volcanics (CFV) or flood basalts (FB), and oceanic plateaus.
 * Since Morgan (1971), the role of lower mantle upwelling in continental breakup has been discussed by many investigators (e.g. Storey, 1995; Courtillot et al., 1999; Hawkesworth et al., 1999; Segev, 2000).
 * A common view of lower mantle upwelling is that it has the capacity to generate large quantities of basaltic magma (White and McKenzie, 1989; Campbell and Griffiths, 1990; Duncan and Richards, 1991; Schilling et al., 1992; Lanyon et al., 1993; Weaver et al., 1994; Coffin and Eldholm, 1994; Wilson and Guiraud, 1998) generally as continental flood volcanics (CFV) or flood basalts (FB), and oceanic plateaus.
 * Since Morgan (1971), the role of lower mantle upwelling in continental breakup has been discussed by many investigators (e.g. Storey, 1995; Courtillot et al., 1999; Hawkesworth et al., 1999; Segev, 2000).
 * Since Morgan (1971), the role of lower mantle upwelling in continental breakup has been discussed by many investigators (e.g. Storey, 1995; Courtillot et al., 1999; Hawkesworth et al., 1999; Segev, 2000).
 * Since Morgan (1971), the role of lower mantle upwelling in continental breakup has been discussed by many investigators (e.g. Storey, 1995; Courtillot et al., 1999; Hawkesworth et al., 1999; Segev, 2000).
 * Since Morgan (1971), the role of lower mantle upwelling in continental breakup has been discussed by many investigators (e.g. Storey, 1995; Courtillot et al., 1999; Hawkesworth et al., 1999; Segev, 2000).
 * Since Morgan (1971), the role of lower mantle upwelling in continental breakup has been discussed by many investigators (e.g. Storey, 1995; Courtillot et al., 1999; Hawkesworth et al., 1999; Segev, 2000).
 * Since Morgan (1971), the role of lower mantle upwelling in continental breakup has been discussed by many investigators (e.g. Storey, 1995; Courtillot et al., 1999; Hawkesworth et al., 1999; Segev, 2000).
 * Since Morgan (1971), the role of lower mantle upwelling in continental breakup has been discussed by many investigators (e.g. Storey, 1995; Courtillot et al., 1999; Hawkesworth et al., 1999; Segev, 2000).
 * Since Morgan (1971), the role of lower mantle upwelling in continental breakup has been discussed by many investigators (e.g. Storey, 1995; Courtillot et al., 1999; Hawkesworth et al., 1999; Segev, 2000).

Mantle plumes

 * Mantle Plumes and Continental Tectonics. R. I. Hill, R. I. Hill, I. H. Campbell, G. F. Davies, and R. W. Griffiths (1992) Science 256, 186-193
 * Mantle Plumes and Continental Tectonics. R. I. Hill, R. I. Hill, I. H. Campbell, G. F. Davies, and R. W. Griffiths (1992) Science 256, 186-193
 * Mantle Plumes and Continental Tectonics. R. I. Hill, R. I. Hill, I. H. Campbell, G. F. Davies, and R. W. Griffiths (1992) Science 256, 186-193
 * Mantle Plumes and Continental Tectonics. R. I. Hill, R. I. Hill, I. H. Campbell, G. F. Davies, and R. W. Griffiths (1992) Science 256, 186-193
 * Mantle Plumes and Continental Tectonics. R. I. Hill, R. I. Hill, I. H. Campbell, G. F. Davies, and R. W. Griffiths (1992) Science 256, 186-193
 * Mantle Plumes and Continental Tectonics. R. I. Hill, R. I. Hill, I. H. Campbell, G. F. Davies, and R. W. Griffiths (1992) Science 256, 186-193
 * Mantle Plumes and Continental Tectonics. R. I. Hill, R. I. Hill, I. H. Campbell, G. F. Davies, and R. W. Griffiths (1992) Science 256, 186-193

Jack Sepkoski and David M. Raup
Jack Sepkoski and David M. Raup

The classical "Big Five" mass extinctions: End Ordovician, Late Devonian, End Permian, End Triassic (ETE), and End Cretaceous (K/T).
 * J. J. Sepkoski. 2002. A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 363:1-560 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/M. Carrano]


 * Sepkoski, J. (2002) A Compendium of Fossil Marine Animal Genera (eds. Jablonski, D. & Foote, M.) Bull. Am. Paleontol. no. 363 (Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, NY).
 * Signor, P. and J. Lipps (1982) "Sampling bias, gradual extinction patterns and catastrophes in the fossil record", in Geologic Implications of Impacts of Large Asteroids and Comets on the Earth, I. Silver and P. Silver Eds, Geol. Soc. Amer. Special Paper 190, Boulder Colo. p. 291-296.
 * Sepkoski, J.J., Jr., 2002. A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins     of American Paleontology, v. 363, p. 1–560.
 * Gradstein, F.M., and Ogg, J.G., 2004. Geologic Time Scale 2004 - why, how,     and where next? Lethaia, v. 37, p. 175–181. [absolute dates]
 * Okulitch, A.V., 1999. Geological Time Chart. GSC Open File 3040, supplement     to Geolog, v. 29. [absolute dates]
 * Sepkoski, J.J., Jr., 1981. A factor analytic description of the Phanerozoic marine     fossil record. Paleobiology, v. 7, p. 36–53. [classic paper using family      database]
 * Sepkoski, J.J., Jr., 1982. A compendium of fossil marine families. Milwaukee     Public Museum Contribution to Biology and Geology, No. 51. [family      dataset]
 * Sepkoski, J.J., Jr., 1992. A compendium of fossil marine families, 2nd Ed.     Milwaukee Public Museum Contribution to Biology and Geology, No. 83.      [family dataset, revisited]
 * Tapanila, L., 2006. Using FossilPlot graphing software to complement lecture,     lab and field teaching of paleontology: GSA Abstracts with Programs, v.      38(7), p. 499.
 * Tapanila, L., 2007. FossilPlot, an Excel-based computer application for teaching    stratigraphic paleontology using the Sepkoski Compendium of fossil marine     genera: Journal of Geoscience Education, 55(2):133-137.
 * Phipps Morgan, J., T. J. Reston, and C. R. Ranero, Contemporaneous mass extinctions, continental flood basalts, and 'impact signals': are mantle plume-induced lithospheric gas explosions the causal link?, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 217, 263-284, 2004.
 * Tapanila, L., 2007. FossilPlot, an Excel-based computer application for teaching    stratigraphic paleontology using the Sepkoski Compendium of fossil marine     genera: Journal of Geoscience Education, 55(2):133-137.
 * Phipps Morgan, J., T. J. Reston, and C. R. Ranero, Contemporaneous mass extinctions, continental flood basalts, and 'impact signals': are mantle plume-induced lithospheric gas explosions the causal link?, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 217, 263-284, 2004.

The Shiva hypothesis

 * The Shiva hypothesis