User:Christopher White 96/sandbox

Additions from Peer Evaluation
Be careful on where we insert our stuff: make sure it's organized. Difference between graphite vs. zirconium silicate: might take awhile to find sources so can't add too much right now. Ambiguous pronoun: The brake pad must be less hard than the rotor.

Peer Edit draft for icebox:

Peer Eval Christopher White 96 (talk) 18:19, 22 March 2019 (UTC)[edit source]
I like that you are taking the time to reword some of the sentences in the article. This is an approach that I want to incorporate into my drafting.

Is an entire new section labeled “preservation before icebox” necessary? It seems like this topic should just be mentioned in a section detailing a brief history of it, since they are different technologies from it.

Why the 54 degrees? Could that be clarified as to why that particular temperature?

I like that you discussed how the industry around the icebox developed and the impact that it had on the industry.Christopher White 96 (talk) 18:19, 22 March 2019 (UTC)

Begin to Draft Your Article
Text has been copied from the article [Brake Pad], and additions to the article are in square brackets, [], while comments will have an equal sign before and after them, ==.

Additions to add to article:

Add to introduction of article:

However, as the serious health-related hazards of asbestos became apparent, other materials had to be found. [Asbestos brake pads were replaced by non-asbestos organic materials (NAO) ]. Today, brake pad materials are classified into one of four principal categories, as follows:

The first brake pads were invented by Bertha Benz [ and the friction material that was used were leather straps] =need to find a good source for this information still]

Testing of brake pads =This could be a new section because it is important information=

[Testing of brake material began starting in 1920 by the National Bureau of Standards. The testing set up used was then sent to manufacturers who wanted them so that they could begin to test their own products. ]

Christopher White 96 (talk) 17:01, 17 March 2019 (UTC)

SAE J661 testing is used to determine the friction of different brake pad materials by testing a 1 inch square liner with a brake drum. This testing yields values both a hot and cold coefficient of friction, which is then paired with a letter designation (outlined in the table below). This system of testing is useful for determining brake lockup sequence, however more accurate forms of testing are needed for applications such as design analysis existing brake systems. (Limpert)

Revisions of current sentences (restructuring, correcting information etc.):

New Sections/Changes in Article format:

Original brake pad Edits
Information for Peers to review (additions will be noted by square brackets, [ ])

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Brake pads are a component of disc brakes used in automotive and other applications. Brake pads are steel backing plates with friction material bound to the surface that faces the disc brake rotor.

The first brake pads were invented by Bertha Benz.

In Materials Section:


 * Ceramic materials - Composed of clay and porcelain bonded to copper flakes and filaments, these are a good compromise between the durability of the metal pads, grip and fade resistance of the synthetic variety. Their principal drawback, however, is that unlike the previous three types, despite the presence of the copper (which has a high thermal conductivity), ceramic pads generally do not dissipate heat well, which can eventually cause the pads or other components of the braking system to warp. However, because the ceramic materials causes the braking sound to be elevated beyond that of human hearing, they are exceptionally quiet.

Phenol formaldehyde resin is frequently used as a binding agent. Graphite can serve as a friction material as well as binding agent. [Another friction material commonly used is zirconium silicate. ] An Italian producer conducts research to use cement as a cheap and less energy-intensive binding agent.

There are environmental factors that govern the selection of brake pad materials. For example, the bill SSB 6557 adopted in Washington State in 2010 will limit the amount of copper that is allowed to be used in friction materials, to be eventually phased out to trace amounts, due to the negative impact of high copper levels on aquatic life. For its substitution, different material combinations have been developed, though no direct replacement is available yet. Other materials, such as compounds made with antimony, are being studied.

[Another material characteristics that must be considered is the hardness of the brake pad as compared to the rotor. It must be harder so that it wears and not the rotor. This also allows for more even wear of the brake pad. ] (see what else needs added) Christopher White 96 (talk) 02:03, 21 March 2019 (UTC)

[Another material requirement that is considered is how compressible the brake pads are; if they are too compressible then brake pedal travel is too great. Brake pad material must also be porous so that water does not affect the friction coefficient.]

[The table below outlines the make up of a common brake pad. ]

-end of drafting- ~ The most important characteristics that are considered when selecting a brake pad material are as follows:

Sdbz64 (talk) 21:30, 15 March 2019 (UTC)
 * The material's ability to resist brake fade, caused by an increase in temperature the material will experience from the conversion of kinetic energy into thermal energy.
 * The effects of moisture on performance. All brakes are designed to withstand at least temporary exposure to water
 * The ability to recover quickly from either increased temperature, and exhibit approximately the same friction levels at any point in the drying or cooling process.
 * The friction coefficient of modern brake pads should be low enough prevent locking of the wheels but high enough to provide sufficient friction force. Friction coefficients are typically between 0.3 and 0.5 for brake pad materials.
 * The ability to resist wear due to friction.
 * The ability of the material to provide smooth and even contact with the rotor or drum, instead of a material that breaks off in chunks or causes pits, dents, or other damage to the surface in contact.
 * The ability to apply appropriate frictional force while also operating quietly.

=Copied from Sdbz64 sandbox so the information is in both=

testing of brake material began starting in 1920 by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS). The testing set up used was then sent to manufacturers who wanted them so that they could begin to test their own products. Over time the NBS continued to develop new instruments and procedures for testing pads and lining, and these standards eventually became the standards for the American Engineering Standards Committee's Safety Code for Brakes and Brake Testing.

SAE J661 testing is used to determine the friction of different brake pad materials by testing a 1 inch square liner with a brake drum. This testing yields values both a hot and cold coefficient of friction, which is then paired with a letter designation. The table below outlines what letter goes with each range for the coefficient of friction. An example of the designation would be "GD", where "G" is the normal coefficient, while the "D" represents heated. coefficient of friction stuff (table):

The table below outlines what letter goes with each range for the coefficient of friction. An example of the designation would be "GD", where "G" is the normal coefficient, while the "D" represents heated.

Original Brake Pad Edits (Sdbz64)
The concept of brake pads or disc brakes as an alternative to a drum brake had been around since a patent by F. W. Lanchester in 1902. However, due to high cost and inefficiencies compared to drum brakes they were not commonly implemented until after World War II. Once the technology improved brake pad performance quickly surpassed that of drum brakes, exhibited in 1953 when a Jaguar outfitted with brake pads that allowed for faster braking won the 24 Hours of Le Mans race. As late as 1963 the majority of automobiles using disc brakes were European made, with American cars adopting the technology in the late 1960s after the invention of fixed calipers that made installation cheaper and more compact.

The most important characteristics that are considered when selecting a brake pad material are as follows:


 * The material's ability to resist brake fade, caused by an increase in temperature the material will experience from the conversion of kinetic energy into thermal energy.
 * The effects of moisture on performance. All brakes are designed to withstand at least temporary exposure to water
 * The ability to recover quickly from either increased temperature, and exhibit approximately the same friction levels at any point in the drying or cooling process.
 * The friction coefficient of modern brake pads should be low enough prevent locking of the wheels but high enough to provide sufficient friction force. Friction coefficients are typically between 0.3 and 0.5 for brake pad materials.
 * The ability to resist wear due to friction.
 * The ability of the material to provide smooth and even contact with the rotor or drum, instead of a material that breaks off in chunks or causes pits, dents, or other damage to the surface in contact.
 * The ability to apply appropriate frictional force while also operating quietly.

Peer Edits by Natecham (talk) 16:43, 22 March 2019 (UTC)
Good job on the table it is quite helpful, and helps illustrates the point you and the article were making right before of the composition of brake pads. The history section you are adding is a nice addition that provides context that shows the context of how they evolved and why they took time to implement. I would say be careful with where you put the most important characteristics section in the article, by virtue of it being a sandbox I can't tell where y'all are going to put it, but it could be tricky because of how widely it can apply to different sections. Is there a benefit to using graphite or zirconium silicate? When you are talking about the hardness of the brake pad there is an ambiguous pronoun where you say it must be harder so it wears and not the rotor, it would make it more clear if you simply put brake pad in place of the first it. In the history section what was the original intention of brake pad? Were they for automobiles from the start or did they start with an aeronautical application like ABS systems? The testing of brake pads addition could be a great article addition, it is relevant and gives a much better understanding of how brake pads work and why they are designed the way they are. I would strongly encourage adding it if you have the time. Natecham (talk) 16:43, 22 March 2019 (UTC)

Editing Plan
Outline for information we would like to add:

History[edit]

 * Who invented them (Bertha Benz)
 * When they were first seen in automobiles
 * Background on material history
 * When any big material change movements happened

Technology[edit]

 * Important characteristics when selecting brake pad material
 * Advantages of brake pads over other types of braking system (i.e. brake linings)
 * Add more to the Types section
 * Remove "Italian producer" stuff (bad source)
 * Restructure "Materials" section

Chosen Article: Brake Pad
This was chosen because there was no history section or many citations for the information listed. These are improvements I want to make to the article. Sources have not been located yet.

Taken from [Brake Pad]

"For many years straightforward asbestos was viewed as having an optimal performance in all five categories. However, as the serious health-related hazards of asbestos became apparent, other materials had to be found. Today, brake pad materials are classified into one of four principal categories, as follows:"

Planned changes are to replace the first sentence from the selected text with text that says " Brake pads were originally made with Asbestos because its properties allowed it to deal with both the heat (which can reach 500°F) and drag that braking exerts on the pads. " This change is done to help quantify why asbestos was best, as well as the conditions it was subjected to. A source was also added for this information.

Article Evaluation
Icebox:


 * Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? is there anything that distracted you?

All the information was relevant however they were missing information about who first created the ice box. In "Use" it also talks about contamination of the ice that's used which I think should be its own topic. Needs a topic on the impact of the ice box as well (how it changed people's lives)


 * Is the article Neutral? are there any claims, or frames, that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?

Yes the article is neutral, however it is short and does not have many citations to back up the information in it. The article also had a heavy focus on the use of the icebox.


 * Are there viewpoints that are over or under represented?

It doesn't talk much about the impact of the icebox, could do better at explaining how it impacted people's lives


 * Check citations. Do they work? Does the source support the claims?

The links seem to work but there are only a few. More are needed to verify the information in the article


 * Is each fact referenced with an appropriate reference? Where does information come from? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that biased noted?

Large sections of text that have no citations associated with them. Most of the article needs to be cited in order to verify the information


 * Is any of the information out of date? Is anyone missing that could be added?

One citation is a survey from over 100 years ago, and the other is from the 1980's, so the sources are old and could be replaced with more modern information.


 * Talk page- conversations

The most recent conversation on the page was 2010, so it appears that the article hasn't has much traffic in awhile. It is a start class but seems to be of relatively low importance