User:Chumash11/Sand2

Kasei
Kasei (火星) is the Japanese word for Mars. It may also refer to:

Places

 * Kasei Valles, a canyon on Mars
 * Kasei, Kenya, a village in Kenya
 * Kasei, Ghana, a village in Ghana

Transportation

 * Mitsubishi Kasei, a World War II aircraft engine used on many Japanese warplanes
 * Kasei Station, a train station on the Fujikyuko Line in Tsuru, Yamanashi, Japan
 * Toritsu-Kasei Station, a train station on the Seibu Shinjuku Line in Nakano, Tokyo, Japan

Educational institutions

 * Tokyo Kasei-Gakuin University, a private university in Tokyo
 * Tokyo Kasei-Gakuin Junior College, a women's university in Tokyo, unrelated to Tokyo Kasei-Gakuin University despite the similar name
 * Tokyo Kasei University, a private university in Tokyo

Other

 * Asahi Kasei, a Japanese chemical conglomerate
 * Rakuto Kasei, a Japanese multinational chemical company
 * Gunnm: Kasei Senki 銃夢 ～火星の記憶, Gunnm: Martian Memory in English, an action role-playing video game

Marketing of electronic cigarettes
The marketing of electronic cigarettes is legal in some jurisdictions, and spending is increasing rapidly.

Methods
A 2014 review said, "the e-cigarette companies have been rapidly expanding using aggressive marketing messages similar to those used to promote cigarettes in the 1950s and 1960s." E-cigarettes and nicotine are regularly promoted as safe and beneficial in the media and on brand websites. While advertising of tobacco products is banned in most countries, television and radio e-cigarette advertising in some countries may be indirectly encouraging traditional cigarette smoking. There is no evidence that the cigarette brands are selling e-cigarettes as part of a plan to phase out traditional cigarettes, despite some claiming to want to cooperate in "harm reduction".

According to a 2014 review, e-cigarettes are aggressively promoted in the US, mostly via the internet, as a healthy alternative to smoking.

E-cigarette companies commonly promote that their products contain only water, nicotine, glycerin, propylene glycol, and flavoring but this assertion is misleading. It contains varying levels of heavy metals in the vapor, including chromium, nickel, tin, silver, cadmium, mercury, and aluminum. The assertion that e-cigarette emit "only water vapor" is false because the evidence indicates e-cigarette vapor contains possibly harmful chemicals such as nicotine, carbonyls, metals, and organic volatile compounds, in addition to particulates.

Medical claims are also made, including "pharmaceuticalization", comparing e-cigarettes to nicotine inhalers.

E-liquids marketed as "nicotine-free" have been found to contain nicotine.

E-cigarette industry marketing strategy mostly targets the upper-middle class of people in trying to sell their products.

Celebrity product endorsements
Celebrity endorsements are also used to encourage e-cigarette use. A national US television advertising campaign starred Steven Dorff exhaling a "thick flume" of what the ad describes as "vapor, not tobacco smoke", exhorting smokers with the message "We are all adults here, it's time to take our freedom back." The ads, in a context of longstanding prohibition of tobacco advertising on TV, were criticized by organizations such as Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids as undermining anti-tobacco efforts. Cynthia Hallett of Americans for Non-Smokers' Rights described the US advertising campaign as attempting to "re-establish a norm that smoking is okay, that smoking is glamorous and acceptable". University of Pennsylvania communications professor Joseph Cappella stated that the setting of the ad near an ocean was meant to suggest an association of clean air with the nicotine product.

Scale
In the United States, six large e-cigarette businesses spent $59.3 million on promoting e-cigarettes in 2013.

Marketing to youth
Big tobacco heavily markets e-cigarettes to young people. Exposure to e-cigarette marketing is associated with increased odds of e-cigarette use among adolescents. The proportion of American youth who are exposed to e-cigarette marketing has risen by more than 10 percentage points since 2014. There has been a sharp increase of 1.5 million more middle and high school students using e-cigarettes compared to 2017 according to the 2018 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS). From the analysis of the 2016 NYTS, the CDC and FDA were able to highlight some of the most common reasons why students use e-cigarettes, which included the various options of e-cigarette flavors and the false belief that they are safer than other tobacco products.

Marketing includes images associated with youth culture, endorsements by celebrities and social media influencers popular with youth, and themes that have been found to strongly appeal to youth (such as freedom and rebellion). Youth are highly exposed to the marketing of electronic cigarettes from multiple sources: in 2016, 78.2 percent of American youth (20.5 million people) were exposed to e-cigarette advertising. Advertisements come from many sources, such as retail stores, the internet, and television. A 2018 analysis of the 2014, 2015, and 2016 NYTS data by the CDC found that retail stores were where most youth were exposed to e-cigarette advertisements, followed by online advertising, television advertising, and then newspaper and magazine advertising. Many youth are also inadvertently exposed to television advertising for e-cigarettes: about 24 million American youth have been exposed to e-cigarette ads on cable TV, primarily due to an ad campaign for blu e-cigarettes.

Industry strategies also include cartoon characters and candy flavors to sell e-cigarettes. Of these strategies, marketing flavored products has been shown to be particularly attractive to younger people. Tobacco companies have been increasingly marketing many tobacco products that resembles different types of candy, like cotton-candy-flavored e-cigarettes. In 2017, there were more than 15,500 different e-cigarette flavors available online, up from 7,700 in 2014, with over 240 new additional flavors being added each month. Fruit, candy, and dessert flavors are common, Marketing flavoured e-cigarette products has been shown to attract children. Ads for flavored e-cigarettes have been shown to cause children to be more interested in buying and trying e-cigarettes, as compared to ads for non-flavored e-cigarettes. Children's' belief that fruit-flavored e-cigarettes are less harmful also increases their appeal, and restrictions on advertising for flavoured e-cigarettes have also been urged on these grounds. The branding of some e-liquids also attracts children. E-liquids have been sold in packaging that resembles kid-friendly foods, beverages, or candies. Some e-liquids are sold in packaging closely resembling Tree Top-brand juice boxes, Reddi-wip whipped cream, or Sour Patch Kids gummy candy, for example.

JUUL is marketed in a design which can easily be mistaken for a flash drive. JUUL is currently being investigated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for allegedly illegally marketing to minors in the US as of 2018.

Marketing regulation
As of 2014, 39 countries containing 31% of the world's population have comprehensive e-cigarette advertising, promotion and sponsorship bans, and 19 countries containing 5% of the world's populations require products like e-cigarettes to be reviewed before being placed on the market. Easily circumvented age verification at company websites enables young people to access and be exposed to marketing for e-cigarettes.

E-cigarettes have been listed as drug delivery devices in several countries because they contain nicotine, and their advertising has been restricted until safety and efficacy clinical trials are conclusive. Since they do not contain whole tobacco, television advertising in the United States is not restricted. In the European Union, on the other hand, advertising and promotion of e-cigarettes and refill containers in print (newspaper, magazine, periodical), television, or radio media is prohibited by the European Commission's 2014 Tobacco Products Directive (incorporated in British law by the 2016 Tobacco and Related Products Regulations ). Additionally, warning labels stating that the products contain nicotine and should not be used by non-smokers are mandatory, and a leaflet must be provided "with instructions for use and information on adverse effects, risk groups, addictiveness and toxicity". However, billboard advertising, posters on domestic public transport, in the cinema, by leaflets or mail, and in trade media is still permitted.

The marketing of these flavored products were targeted at youths and people of color. San Francisco banned the sale of flavored nicotine products, including flavoured e-liquids, in 2018.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) took a stand on the sale of flavored e-cigarettes in 2018. The ban targeted the sale of flavored tobacco at certain establishments such as retail stores and gas stations.

In some cases, regulations have not been explicit enough to prevent companies from marketing and selling e-cigarettes to minors, particularly on the internet.