User:Chumash11/sandbox

Flavored tobacco sources

 * Krugman, D. M., Morrison, M. A., & Sung, Y. (2006). Cigarette advertising in popular youth and adult magazines: A ten-year perspective. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 25(2), 197-211.
 * Henriksen, L., Feighery, E. C., Schleicher, N. C., Haladjian, H. H., & Fortmann, S. P. (2004). Reaching youth at the point of sale: cigarette marketing is more prevalent in stores where adolescents shop frequently. Tobacco Control, 13(3), 315-318.

DAM sources

 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.
 * خط تالت" عندما تنقل موسيقى الراب نبض "الربيع العربي" Al-Ghad. (Arabic), March 6, 2013.

DAM (band)
DAM (دام; דם) is a Palestinian hip-hop group. Based in Lod, Israel, DAM was founded in 1999 by brothers Tamer and Suhell Nafar and their friend Mahmoud Jreri. Their songs are largely about the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and politics. The group's name means "to last forever/eternity" in Arabic (دام), "blood" in Hebrew (דם), and is an English acronym for "Da Arabian MCs." The Arabic word for "blood" (دم) is spelled similarly, but without an alif.

DAM raps primarily in Arabic, but also performs in English and Hebrew. DAM has released more than 100 singles and two albums—Dedication (اهداء) and Dabke on the Moon (دبكة على القمر)—as well as an EP—Street Poetry. DAM's lyrics are largely protest-driven, with songs covering topics including the Israeli occupation of Palestine, racism, poverty, drugs and crime, and women's rights.

In January 2017 they signed with the London-based independent record label Cooking Vinyl. For their UK and EU touring schedule the band are represented by X-Ray Touring.

1979–1999: Beginning and Tamer's solo career
Tamer Nafar, Suhell Nafar and Mahmoud Jreri were born and raised in Lod, Israel. Tamer and Suhel were born to Fayez Nafar and Nadia Awadi. Fayez had been disabled for most of Tamer and Suhel's lives due to a car accident. Mahmood Jreri was born to Ibrahim Jreri and Shadia Hassuneh. Tamer, Suhel, and Mahmoud grew up in poverty, in crime-ridden neighborhoods they call "ghettos" in their music, that were full of drive bys and drug dealing.

In 1996, when he was 17 years old, Tamer discovered hip hop through Tupac's songs, and started to learn English while memorizing Tupac's lyrics and translating them into Arabic using an English-Arabic dictionary. Tamer recorded his first single "Untouchable," a reference to "The Untouchables” movie. In 1998, Tamer released his first EP Stop Selling Drugs, featuring his younger brother, Suhell Nafar. The two met Mahmoud at a private show that they organized and together they decided to form DAM in late 1999.

1999–2000: Formation and development
DAM began in the Nafar's home, and recorded using their home computer. Most of their early songs were recorded over known hip-hop instrumentals and in English, because the rap they listened to was in English. DAM got their start performing in Jewish clubs in Tel Aviv, where they would rap primarily in Hebrew. DAM's early music and lyrics focused mostly around everyday life, avoiding many political references. This changed after Tamer's friend Booba (Hussam Abu Gazazae) was shot and killed in a drive by on 3 September 2000, inspiring Tamer to record his first song with a political reference. The song, a cover of Abdul Majeed Abdalla's song "Ya Tayeb al Galb", was called "Booba" and featured Ibraheem Sakallah in the hook.

2000-2001: Innocent Criminals
after the outbreak of the Second Intifada in October 2000, Tamer and Mahmood decided to write their first overtly political song, "Posheem Hapim me Peshaa' – Innocent Criminals." It was recorded over an instrumental of "Hail Mary" by Tupac, and featured inciting lines such as "When Jews protest, the cops use clubs / When Arabs protest, the cops take their souls" and "If it is a democracy how come I'm not mentioned in your Anthem" followed by the chorus "Before you judge me, before you understand me, walk in my shoes and you will hurt your feet, because we are criminals, innocent criminals." The song created controversy in the Israeli media, and it put DAM in conflict with some of their fellow Israeli rappers such as Subliminal, with much of the subsequent fall-out being recorded in the documentary Channels of Rage. Despite the controversy, the song was later remixed by the Israeli rock musician Aviv Geffen, with Israeli-American director Udi Aloni making a music video for the song in 2003.

Around that time, Tamer was convinced to give rapping in Arabic a shot after listening to the Algerian French hip-hop CD "MBS – Micro Brise le Silence". He released his first official single "Min al Ta lal Alef lal M E R – From the T to the A to the M E R", rapped over the instrumental of "Did You Ever Think" by R. Kelly feat. Nas. The song charted number one on all of the Arab charts, bringing DAM to the Palestinian mainstream and giving them the largest following and nonstop shows from 2000 to 2003. The single had a major impact on the growth of the Palestinian hip-hop scene, with many rappers and hip hop groups starting their career and studios opening after that single.

2001: "Who's the terrorist?"
DAM's first big hit, Meen Irhabi (Who's the terrorist?), was released in 2001. The song was released in response to a Palestinian suicide bombing in Tel Aviv that was a major source of controversy in Israel at the time. The song opens with a recording of an Israel mob screaming "Death to the Arabs and terrorists" in front of a Yafo mosque, then over the Atmosphere instrumental "If I was Santa", DAM raps in Arabic about the violence the Israeli occupation inflicts on the Palestinians. Owing in part to being released during the height of the Second Intifada, the song became a major sensation in the Arab world and was downloaded more than one million times. The magazine Rolling Stone wrote a big article about the song and released a compilation with the magazine that featured DAM's Meen Erhabi and other international artists such as Manu Chao and Zibda. At the same time, Udi Aloni released his second documentary "Local Angel", featuring DAM. DAM toured Europe with the film, marking the beginning of their international career. A video clip of the song was made by Palestinian/Syrian director Jackie Salloum.

2003-4: Channels of Rage and the Born Here campaign
In 2003, Israeli director Anat Halachmi released the documentary Channels of Rage. The film follows Tamer Nafar and DAM and right-wing Zionist rapper Kobi Shimoni (Subliminal and the Shadow). Anat followed them for almost 3 years. The film shows their relationship and beefs through hip hop. Channels of Rage won the Wolgin Award for the best documentary in the Jerusalem Film Festival 2003.

In 2004 the group was invited by the Shateel organization to do a song about discrimination in the mixed cities in Israel. The song described how Arab neighborhoods suffer from poverty, unemployment and house demolitions by the Israeli government. and the dangerous entrance into Lod, which required residents to cross eight train tracks to reach the city. DAM collaborated with a local R&B singer and created the song "Born Here" as a reference to a popular Israeli song by Dats and Datsa that goes "I was born here, my children were born here, and this is where we built our houses with our hands". DAM changed this to "I was born here, my grandparents were born here, and this is where you destroyed our houses with your hands". The song was followed up by a video by the Israeli Jewish actor Juliano Mer Khamis and a tour through Arab neighborhoods in Israel by major Israeli celebrities including Moni Moshonov, Aviv Geffen, HaYehudim, Yoav Kutner, and Gila Almagor. As a result of the song and video clip's success, the Israeli government built bridges over the train tracks. Following the campaign's success, Tamar remarked in 2012 that "When we say Hip Hop is a bridge, we mean it metaphorically and literally." DAM continued political and historical tours after that, for schools, local and foreign groups, and international artists such as Erykah Badu, Ezra Koenig of American rock band Vampire Weekend, Michael Franti, and actor Gbenga Akinnagbe from the TV show The Wire.

Abir Zinati could not join the tour due to a threat she received from her family the day before the show claiming that the tour is a disgrace to the honor of the family. Tamer and Abir decided to cancel Abir's participation in the tour because their lives were threatened. Tamer now says that the incident was the first time that he felt the discrimination against women closely, and that DAM's message was missing something, namely women's rights.

2006: First official album Ihda' (Dedication)
After touring the world and releasing number one singles on Arab charts, DAM became the first Palestinian hip hop group to release an album with a major label after signing with EMI Arabia. The album, Ihda', was released in 2006. DAM also signed with the French booking agency 3D Family to tour music festivals around the world promoting the album, visiting the Sundance film festival, Womad, Doha DIFF (Doha International film festival), Dubai Film Festival, Trinity International Hip Hop Festival USA, Vine Rock, Taybeh Beer Festival Palestine, and Casa Festival Morocco, where they shared the stage with internationally known artists including GZA of the Wutang Clan, Mos Def, Talib Kweli, Dead Prez, Chuck D of Public Enemy, Pharaoh Monch, Rachid Taha, Ahmad al Khoury, Immortal Technique, and others. The album included 15 tracks, including some number one hits. Though mainly about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the album was also notable for being the first Arab rap album to discuss women's rights. The album's song "Hurriyet Unta" (freedom for my sisters), features Safa' Hathoot, the first female Palestinian rapper, criticizes the oppression of women along with the oppression of the Palestinians.

2008: Slingshot Hip Hop
In 2008 Slingshot Hip Hop—billed as the official film about the Palestinian hip hop—was released by Jackie Salloum. It premiered at the Sundance film festival and featured guest appearances by Chuck D from Public Enemy and Africa Bambaataa. The film covers the Palestinian hip-hop scene in general and DAM in particular. DAM members attended and performed at Sundance and held a Q&A conference at the festival. The film and its self-titled soundtrack features other Palestinian artists such as Mahmoud Shalabi, Abir al Zinati (Sabreena the Witch), WE7, PR, Arapeyat, and Khalifa E. The soundtrack was mostly recorded at Sabreen Studio, East Jerusalem; the album had songs such "Who is the terrorist" by DAM, "Tzakar" by PR, "Blinded Freedom" by Shalabi "The Witch's Uprising" by Abeer and Suhell Nafar and “Sot el Samt” by WE7. Following the film’s success, DAM started touring the United States, holding around 60 shows a year.

2009: Wanted: An Arab without a Memory
In 2009, the Israeli government started to advertise their campaign for Israel's Arabs citizens to serve in the National Service instead of the Army; the campaign was resisted by all Palestinian organizations and activists. The Baladna organization started a campaign against the National Service and asked DAM to write and record a theme song for the campaign. The song, ..NAME.., was produced by Rimon Haddad and became the theme of the Palestinian resistance that refused to serve the occupation by any means. The campaign, which included DAM, Amer Hlehel, Ayman Nahas, Hanna Shammas, Tarez Suliman and other artists, led to a large tour in all Palestinian cities in Israel.

2010: Targeted Citizen
DAM was asked by the Adalah organization to participate in a short film that describes the Israeli legal discrimination toward Palestinians. Working with Adalah, DAM came out with the song "Muwaten Mustahdaf – Targeted Citizen". The film directors liked the title of the song so much that they ended up using it for the title of the whole film and the campaign. The song was produced by Anan Kusseim from WE7 at the Underground Studio (That Ardi) and the intro was recorded by the Director Firas Khoushry.

2011: A Letter from the Cell
After 5 years of performing and touring and participating in other artists' projects, DAM decided to release the first single from their future album "Nudbok Al Amar – Dabka on the Moon". The first single, "Risale min Zinzane - A Letter from the Cell", features classical oud players Trio Joubran and Marcel Khalife. During the writing process of the song, DAM met with the Addameer organization a few times to collect information, personal stories, and letters to can create three fictional characters based on true stories. The song was supposed to be released with the album but after the Palestinian prisoners' hunger strike DAM decided to release the unfinished version to support the prisoners. Other unofficial singles were released to the Internet by fans, songs from shows such as their first English song "Mama, I fell in love with a Jew" a humorous story about an Arab guy who gets stuck in the elevator with a beautiful Jewish girl and they fell in love. The difference is that in the elevator the girl was going up and the Arab guy was going down, a sarcastic view on the coexistence that Israel is trying to promote, the message of the song is existence before coexistence. The lyrics of the song satirize the social standing of Israelis and Palestinians with lyrics like. Another song from the upcoming album is "Shi'r al Share' – Street Poetry" a club song with an Arabic pop sound composed and arranged by the Danish producer Billy Beautiful, the song is canceling the politicians and giving the leader role to the artist, the true voice of the streets.

2012: Second official album: Dabke on the Moon
DAM released their second album—Dabke on the Moon (ندبك عالقمر) in December 2012. The album was released digitally on DAM's website, with the physical release delayed due to Israeli restrictions on movement of goods out of Palestine due to recent violence in Gaza.

Following the album's release, DAM toured the United States.

2012: First music video and single from Dabke: "If I could go back in time"
DAM's first single and music video from Dabke, "If I could go back in time", is an Arabic-language song about honor killings. The video, produced in collaboration with UN Women (the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women). The video tells the story of a young Arab girl who decides to run away from home after her parents try to force her into an arranged marriage. But she is found out when her unsuspecting mother gets a call from the airline about her flight being delayed. Her father and brother then stuff her into the trunk of their car, take her to the woods and shoot her. The video was directed by Suheil Nafar and documentary filmmaker Jackie Salloum.

The song generated some controversy with liberal Palestinian academics.

2014: "#Who_U_R" and new member
In 2014, and DAM released the music video "#Who_U_R". The video was directed by Oscar-nominated Palestinian filmmaker Scandar Copti. "#Who_U_R" was written in response to the rape of a 16-year-old Texan teenager Jada, whose assault was recorded, shared, and mocked on social media in 2014.

Tamer stated about the video that, “Women's struggle is beyond the Middle East. It’s an international struggle.” He discusses how the concept was to “take the social part of my individual progress and to take my social issues to the international stage.”

The song generated a Twitter campaign throughout the Middle East. The hashtag #Who_You_R encouraged men to send in photos of themselves doing housework as a way to break gender norms and support women.

Also in 2014, Palestinian singer-songwriter Maysa Daw joined DAM. Daw is DAM's first female member, and #Who_U_R was her first song with DAM.

Discography

 * Albums
 * Ihda' (2006)
 * Dabke on the Moon (2012)


 * Contributing artist
 * The Rough Guide To Arabic Revolution (2013)

DAM in TV and cinema

 * (2002) Local angel (as DAM)
 * (2003) Channels of Rage by Anat Halachmi (as DAM)
 * (2007) Forgiveness (as DAM)
 * (2007) DAM – UK London by Eliot Manches (as DAM)
 * (2008) Slingshot Hip Hop by Jackie Salloum (as DAM and Suhell Nafar as the narrator)
 * (2008) Salt of the sea by Annemarie Jacir (DAM's Song Shidu al Himme produced by K Salaam, and a Small part by Tamer Nafar as a waiter)
 * (2008) Where in the world is Osama Ben Laden? By Morgan Spurlock (In the soundtrack – Mali Huriye – I have no freedom song)
 * (2009) Checkpoint Rock – Songs for Palestine by Fermin Muguruza and Javier Corcuera (as DAM and Suhell Nafar as the narrator)
 * (2010) Targeted citizen by Rahel Lea Jones (as DAM)
 * (2011) Habibi Rasak Kharban by Susan Youssef (Tamer & Suhell Nafar in a small part as fishermen)
 * (2012) I'lam Media Center: I have the right! By Firas Khoury (Tamer Nafar as himself)
 * (2012) Yala on the Moon (Yala al Amar) by Jackie Salloum and Suhell Nafar (DAM in the soundtrack and Tamer Nafar in a small part as a driver)
 * (2012) Art/Violence, A Documentary by Udi Aloni, Cinema fairbindet Prize awarded in the Berlinale film festival 2012, DAM were part of the characters in the movie and there music video "If I Could Go Back in TIme-Law Arjaa bil Zaman" was used in the movie, as well Tamer Nafar was part of the Producers of the movie.
 * (2012) Insha'Allah a Canadian/French feature film directed by Anaïs Barbeau-Lavalette, the movie uses in one of the scenes 2 songs "Love us and Buy us - Hibuna Ishtruna ( from Ihda/Dedication) and the single "Targeted Citizen - Muwaten Mustahdaf"

SEAL Delivery Vehicle speculation
According to Congressional testimony delivered by Admiral William McRaven, then the commander of U.S. Special Operations Command, the U.S. Navy is using Mark 8 Mod 3 or Mod 4 SDVs, although this is unconfirmed.

Poorly cited PACV section
PACVs conducted missions on the Mekong Delta, near Cat Lo, and in the Plain of Reeds out of Moc Hoa in their initial tour. The most successful operation was a wrongful incursion into Cambodia on November 20, 1966 that also involved insertion of South Vietnamese troops by helicopters and MIKE Force Special Forces airboats manned by Chinese Nungs. 56 Vietnamese communist soldiers were killed to one Mike Force WIA. When it was discovered they were in Cambodia, not Vietnam, all units were withdrawn. The communist unit engaged had previously successfully engaged the Hurricane Aircat airboats and Special Forces CIDG forces in South Vietnam on November 14, killing two Americans and wounding one.

Misc Sources
Patrol Air Cushion Vehicle
 * NARA video
 * NARA video
 * NARA video
 * NARA video
 * NARA video
 * NARA video
 * NARA video
 * NARA video
 * NARA video

Aircat:
 * NARA film reels
 * U.S. small combatants, including PT-boats, subchasers, and the brown-water navy: an illustrated design history (book)
 * Interviews with James Wollner, author of The Bamboo Shoot self-published book used in the article], by the Veterans History Project, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress
 * Resources from the Library of Congress, mainly about the ambush of an airboat unit and associated killing of Sgt. Robert Anspach:, , , , the search box

Domain of the Golden Dragon
 * https://books.google.com/books?id=KaIvBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA151&dq=domain+of+the+golden+dragon&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiC4eKooLjdAhVsoFkKHc2YB1EQ6AEINDAD#v=onepage&q=domain%20of%20the%20golden%20dragon&f=false
 * https://www.navy.mil/ah_online/archpdf/ah196910.pdf -- Navy mag article, very good source
 * http://www.loran-history.info/kukui/KUKUI_PDF.pdf
 * https://schmidtocean.org/cruise-log-post/domain-golden-dragon/
 * https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2004681823/