User:ChyranandChloe/Workshop 17

Some of my online notes. Source.

Uses the four tier hierarchy explained in User:ChyranandChloe/Workshop 15. Major conclusions by the Surgeon general on the health effects of tobacco consumption and:

Sufficient

 * Lung cancers, laryngeal cancers, oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers, esophageal cancers, pancreatic cancers, bladder and kidney cancers, cervical cancers, endometrial cancers, stomach cancers, and acute myeloid leukemia
 * subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, stroke, abdominal aortic aneurysm
 * acute respiratory illnesses
 * smoking during pregnancy and a reduction of lung function in infants
 * active smoking and impaired lung growth during childhood and adolescence
 * early onset of lung function decline during late adolescence and early adulthood
 * active smoking in adulthood and a premature onset of and an accelerated age-related decline in lung function
 * respiratory symptoms in children and adolescents, including coughing, phlegm, wheezing, and dyspnea
 * smoking and asthma-related symptoms
 * all major respiratory symptoms among adults, including coughing, phlegm, wheezing, and dyspnea
 * poor asthma control
 * chronic obstructivepulmonary disease morbidity and mortality
 * reduced fertility in women
 * premature rupture of the membranes, placenta previa, and placental abruption
 * maternal active smoking and a reduced risk for preeclampsia
 * preterm delivery and shortened gestation.
 * maternal active smoking and fetal growth restriction and low birth weight
 * sudden infant death syndrome and maternal smoking during and after pregnancy
 * diminished health status that may manifest as increased absenteeism from work and increased use of medical care services
 * increased risks for adverse surgical outcomes related to wound healing and respiratory complications
 * in postmenopausal women smoking, low bone density
 * smoking and hip fractures
 * nuclear cataract
 * peptic ulcer disease in persons who are Helicobacter pylori positive

Suggestive

 * colorectal cancers, prostate cancer, liver cancer
 * acute respiratory infections among persons with preexisting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
 * maternal smoking during pregnancy and an increase in the frequency of lower respiratory tract illnesses during infancy
 * maternal smoking during pregnancy and an increased risk for impaired lung function in childhood and adulthood
 * poorer prognosis for children and adolescents with asthma
 * increased nonspecific bronchial hyper-responsiveness
 * maternal active smoking and ectopic pregnancy
 * maternal active smoking and spontaneous abortion
 * maternal smoking and oral clefts
 * In older men smoking and low bone density
 * root-surface caries.
 * erectile dysfunction.
 * smoking cessation reduces the risk of nuclear opacity
 * exudative (neovascular) age-related macular degeneration
 * atrophic age-related macular degeneration
 * ophthalmopa-thy associated with Graves’ disease
 * risk of peptic ulcer complications, although this effect might be restricted to nonusers of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Inadequate

 * Ovarian Cancer
 * in people with asthma: acute asthma exacerbation
 * physician-diagnosed asthma in childhood and adolescence
 * asthma in adults
 * lower machine-measured cigarette tar and a lower risk for cough and mucus hypersecretion
 * idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
 * sperm quality.
 * maternal smoking and congenital malformations in general
 * maternal smoking and physical growth and neurocognitive development of children.
 * reduced bone density before menopause in women and in younger men
 * fractures at sites other than the hip
 * coronal dental caries
 * glaucoma
 * peptic ulcer disease in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug users or in those who are Helicobacter pylori negative
 * treatment and recurrence of Helicobacter pylori-negative ulcers

Suggestive of no causal relationship

 * adult brain cancer, breast cancer
 * retinopathy in persons with diabetes