User:Citizen/sandbox

The concept of Sanitation in ancient Rome has puzzled and perplexed historians and archeologists for centuries. It is considered to be a complex system much like modern societies enjoy today but was largely lost in Europe during the Dark Ages. A system of aquaducts served the citizens of the empire by providing them with pristine water. People utilized this in the public baths and latrines much like an early form of modern toliets. A system of latrines was found in Sicily which allowed for the waste to be flushed away along with sea sponges on sticks to use after defecation. The Romans had a complex system of sewers which were covered by stones much like the modern covers found on streets. After waste was flushed from the toliets or latrines it flowed through a central channel into the main sewage system. This soon flowed into a nearby river or stream. However, the Romans were not as sanitory as may be percieved to be believed. It was not uncommon for waste to be thrown out of windows into the streets and for nearbyers to be hit with the waste. Also the drainage system was not perfect, it called for many openings to be covered by rock which caused the citizens to be exposed to the potential diseases in the sewage and the unpleasant smell. Despite this, Roman waste management is generally admired for its innovative feats.

List of Presidents (in a world without Watergate)
The colors indicate the political party affiliation of each president. vacant vacant vacant vacant vacant vacant vacant vacant
 * - style="background:#ffddaa"
 * rowspan=2 | 4
 * rowspan=2 | James Madison
 * rowspan=2 | [[Image:James Madison (cropped 3x4 close).jpg|100px]]
 * rowspan=2 | March 4 1809
 * rowspan=2 | March 4 1817
 * rowspan=2 | Democratic-Republican
 * George Clinton
 * align=center | 6
 * - style="background:#ffddaa"
 * Elbridge Gerry
 * align=center | 7
 * - style="background:#ffddaa"
 * rowspan=2 | 5
 * rowspan=2 | James Monroe
 * rowspan=2 | [[Image:jm5.gif|100px]]
 * rowspan=2 | March 4 1817
 * rowspan=2 | March 4 1825
 * rowspan=2 | Democratic-Republican
 * rowspan=2 | Daniel Tompkins
 * align=center | 8
 * - style="background:#ffddaa"
 * align=center | 9
 * - style="background:#ffddaa"
 * 6 || John Quincy Adams
 * John Quincy Adams by GPA Healy, 1858.jpg
 * March 4 1825
 * March 4 1829
 * Democratic-Republican
 * John Calhoun
 * align=center | 10
 * - style="background:#ddeeff"
 * rowspan=2 | 7
 * rowspan=2 | Andrew Jackson
 * rowspan=2 | Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl - Andrew Jackson - Google Art Project.jpg
 * rowspan=2 | March 4 1829
 * rowspan=2 | March 4 1837
 * rowspan=2 | Democratic
 * John Calhoun
 * 11
 * - style="background:#ddeeff"
 * Martin Van Buren
 * align=center | 12
 * - style="background:#ddeeff"
 * 8
 * Martin Van Buren
 * [[Image:mb8.gif|100px]]
 * March 4 1837
 * March 4 1841
 * Democratic
 * Richard Johnson
 * 13
 * - style="background:#ffffcc"
 * 9
 * William H. Harrison
 * William Henry Harrison by James Reid Lambdin, 1835.jpg
 * March 4 1841
 * April 4 1841
 * Whig
 * John Tyler
 * rowspan=2 align=center | 14
 * - style="background:#ffffcc"
 * 10
 * John Tyler
 * [[Image:WHOportTyler.jpg|100px]]
 * April 4 1841
 * March 4 1845
 * Whig No party
 * vacant
 * - style="background:#ddeeff"
 * 11
 * James K. Polk
 * James Knox Polk by GPA Healy, 1858.jpg
 * March 4 1845
 * March 4 1849
 * Democratic
 * George Dallas
 * align=center | 15
 * - style="background:#ffffcc"
 * 12
 * Zachary Taylor
 * Zachary Taylor by Joseph Henry Bush, c1848.jpg
 * March 4 1849
 * July 9 1850
 * Whig
 * Millard Fillmore
 * rowspan=2 align=center | 16
 * - style="background:#ffffcc"
 * 13
 * Millard Fillmore
 * [[Image:Millard Fillmore White House portrait.png|100px]]
 * July 9 1850
 * March 4 1853
 * Whig
 * vacant
 * - style="background:#ddeeff"
 * 14
 * Franklin Pierce
 * Franklin Pierce by GPA Healy, 1858.jpg
 * March 4 1853
 * March 4 1857
 * Democratic
 * William King
 * align=center | 17
 * - style="background:#ddeeff"
 * 15
 * James Buchanan
 * [[Image:Jb15.gif|100px]]
 * March 4 1857
 * March 4 1861
 * Democratic
 * John Breckinridge
 * align=center | 18
 * - style="background:#ffe1e1"
 * rowspan=2 | 16
 * rowspan=2 | Abraham Lincoln
 * rowspan=2 | [[Image:al16.jpg|100px]]
 * rowspan=2 | March 4 1861
 * rowspan=2 | April 15 1865
 * rowspan=2 | Republican National Union
 * Hannibal Hamlin
 * align=center | 19
 * - style="background:#ffe1e1"
 * Andrew Johnson || rowspan=2 align=center | 20
 * - style="background:#ddeeff"
 * 17
 * Andrew Johnson
 * [[Image:Andrew Johnson portrait.jpg|100px]]
 * April 15 1865
 * March 4 1869
 * Democratic National Union
 * vacant
 * - style="background:#ffe1e1"
 * rowspan=2 | 18
 * rowspan=2 | Ulysses S. Grant
 * rowspan=2 | [[Image:ug18.gif|100px]]
 * rowspan=2 | March 4 1869
 * rowspan=2 | March 4 1877
 * rowspan=2 | Republican
 * Schuyler Colfax
 * align=center | 21
 * - style="background:#ffe1e1"
 * Henry Wilson
 * align=center | 22
 * - style="background:#ffe1e1"
 * 19
 * Rutherford B. Hayes
 * [[Image:Rhayes.png|100px]]
 * March 4 1877
 * March 4 1881
 * Republican
 * William Wheeler
 * align=center | 23
 * - style="background:#ffe1e1"
 * 20
 * James Garfield
 * Jgarfield.jpeg
 * March 4 1881
 * September 19 1881
 * Republican
 * Chester A. Arthur
 * rowspan=2 align=center | 24
 * - style="background:#ffe1e1"
 * 21
 * Chester A. Arthur
 * [[Image:ca21.gif|100px]]
 * September 19 1881
 * March 4 1885
 * Republican
 * vacant
 * - style="background:#ddeeff"
 * 22
 * Grover Cleveland
 * [[Image:Grover Cleveland portrait2.jpg|100px]]
 * March 4 1885
 * March 4 1889
 * Democratic
 * Thomas Hendricks
 * align=center | 25
 * - style="background:#ffe1e1"
 * 23
 * Benjamin Harrison
 * [[Image:Bharrison.gif|100px]]
 * March 4 1889
 * March 4 1893
 * Republican
 * Levi Morton
 * align=center | 26
 * - style="background:#ddeeff"
 * 24
 * Grover Cleveland (2nd term)
 * Anders Leonard Zorn - Grover Cleveland - Google Art Project.jpg
 * March 4 1893
 * March 4 1897
 * Democratic
 * Adlai E. Stevenson
 * align=center | 27
 * - style="background:#ffe1e1"
 * rowspan=2 | 25
 * rowspan=2 | William McKinley
 * rowspan=2 | [[Image:wm25.gif|100px]]
 * rowspan=2 | March 4 1897
 * rowspan=2 | September 14 1901
 * rowspan=2 | Republican
 * Garret Hobart
 * align=center | 28
 * - style="background:#ffe1e1"
 * Theodore Roosevelt
 * rowspan=2 align=center | 29
 * - style="background:#ffe1e1"
 * rowspan=2 | 26
 * rowspan=2 | Theodore Roosevelt
 * rowspan=2 | [[Image:TRSargent.jpg|100px]]
 * rowspan=2 | September 14 1901
 * rowspan=2 | March 4 1909
 * rowspan=2 | Republican
 * vacant
 * - style="background:#ffe1e1"
 * Charles Fairbanks
 * align=center | 30
 * - style="background:#ffe1e1"
 * 27
 * William H. Taft
 * [[Image:TaftOfficial Portrait.jpg|100px]]
 * March 4 1909
 * March 4 1913
 * Republican
 * James Sherman
 * align=center | 31
 * - style="background:#ddeeff"
 * rowspan=2 | 28
 * rowspan=2 | Woodrow Wilson
 * rowspan=2 | [[Image:ww28.gif|100px]]
 * rowspan=2 | March 4 1913
 * rowspan=2 | March 4 1921
 * rowspan=2 | Democratic
 * rowspan=2 | Thomas Marshall
 * align=center | 32
 * - style="background:#ddeeff"
 * align=center | 33
 * - style="background:#ffe1e1"
 * 29
 * Warren G. Harding
 * [[Image:wh29.gif|100px]]
 * March 4 1921
 * August 2 1923
 * Republican
 * Calvin Coolidge
 * rowspan=2 align=center | 34
 * - style="background:#ffe1e1"
 * rowspan=2 | 30
 * rowspan=2 | Calvin Coolidge
 * rowspan=2 | [[Image:cc30.gif|100px]]
 * rowspan=2 | August 2 1923
 * rowspan=2 | March 4 1929
 * rowspan=2 | Republican
 * vacant
 * - style="background:#ffe1e1"
 * Charles Dawes
 * align=center | 35
 * - style="background:#ffe1e1"
 * 31
 * Herbert Hoover
 * Hhoover.jpeg
 * March 4 1929
 * March 4 1933
 * Republican
 * Charles Curtis
 * align=center | 36
 * - style="background:#ddeeff"
 * rowspan=4 | 32
 * rowspan=4 | Franklin D. Roosevelt
 * rowspan=4 | Froosevelt.jpeg
 * rowspan=4 | March 4 1933
 * rowspan=4 | April 12 1945
 * rowspan=4 | Democratic
 * rowspan=2 | John Garner
 * align=center | 37
 * - style="background:#ddeeff"
 * align=center | 38
 * - style="background:#ddeeff"
 * Henry Wallace
 * align=center |39
 * - style="background:#ddeeff"
 * Harry S. Truman
 * rowspan=2 align=center | 40
 * - style="background:#ddeeff"
 * rowspan=2 | 33
 * rowspan=2 | Harry S. Truman
 * rowspan=2 | [[Image:HarryTruman.jpg|100px]]
 * rowspan=2 | April 12 1945
 * rowspan=2 | January 20 1953
 * rowspan=2 | Democratic
 * vacant
 * - style="background:#ddeeff"
 * Alben Barkley
 * align=center | 41
 * - style="background:#ffe1e1"
 * rowspan=2 | 34
 * rowspan=2 | Dwight D. Eisenhower
 * rowspan=2 | Dwight D. Eisenhower, official Presidential portrait.jpg
 * rowspan=2 | January 20 1953
 * rowspan=2 | January 20 1961
 * rowspan=2 | Republican
 * rowspan=2 | Richard Nixon
 * align=center | 42
 * - style="background:#ffe1e1"
 * align=center | 43
 * - style="background:#ddeeff"
 * 35
 * John F. Kennedy
 * John F Kennedy Official Portrait.jpg
 * January 20 1961
 * November 22 1963
 * Democratic
 * Lyndon B. Johnson
 * rowspan=2 align=center | 44
 * - style="background:#ddeeff"
 * rowspan=2 | 36
 * rowspan=2 | Lyndon B. Johnson
 * rowspan=2 | Ljohnson.jpeg
 * rowspan=2 | November 22 1963
 * rowspan=2 | January 20 1969
 * rowspan=2 | Democratic
 * vacant
 * - style="background:#ddeeff"
 * Hubert Humphrey
 * align=center | 45
 * - style="background:#ffe1e1"
 * 37
 * Richard Nixon
 * [[Image:rn37.gif|100px]]
 * January 20 1969
 * January 20 1977
 * Republican
 * Spiro Agnew
 * align=center | 46
 * - style="background:#ffe1e1"
 * 38
 * Ronald Reagan
 * Official Portrait of President Reagan 1981.jpg
 * January 20 1977
 * January 20 1981
 * Republican
 * Gerald Ford
 * align=center | 47
 * - style="background:#ddeeff"
 * 39
 * Ted Kennedy
 * Stevan Kragujevic, Ted Kenedi u Beogradu, 1974.jpg
 * January 20 1981
 * March 30 1981
 * Democratic
 * Jimmy Carter
 * rowspan=2 align=center | 48
 * - style="background:#ddeeff"
 * rowspan=2 | 40
 * rowspan=2 | Jimmy Carter
 * rowspan=2 | JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg
 * rowspan=2 | March 30 1981
 * rowspan=2 | January 20 1985
 * rowspan=2 | Democratic
 * vacant
 * - style="background:#ddeeff"
 * Walter Mondale
 * align=center | 49
 * - style="background:#ffe1e1"
 * 41
 * Clint Eastwood
 * Clint Eastwood - 1960s (cropped).JPG
 * January 20 1985
 * January 20 1993
 * Republican
 * George H. W. Bush
 * align=center | 50
 * - style="background:#ffffff"
 * rowspan=2 |42
 * rowspan=2 | Ross Perot
 * rowspan=2 |Ross Perot in his office Allan Warren.jpg
 * rowspan=2 |January 20 1993
 * rowspan=2 |January 20 2001
 * No Party
 * James B. Stockdale
 * align=center | 51
 * - style="background:#ffe1e1"
 * Republican
 * Colin Powell
 * 52
 * - style="background:#ffe1e1"
 * 43
 * Colin Powell
 * GEN Colin Powell.JPG
 * January 20 2001
 * January 20 2005
 * Republican
 * George W. Bush
 * align=center | 53
 * - style="background:#ddeeff"
 * 44
 * John F. Kennedy Jr.
 * John Kennedy Jr 1999.jpg
 * January 20 2005
 * January 20 2013
 * Democratic
 * Joe Biden
 * align=center | 54
 * - style="background:#ddeeff"
 * 45
 * Joe Biden
 * Joe Biden official portrait cropped.jpg
 * January 20 2013
 * January 20 2017
 * Democratic
 * Barack Obama
 * align=center | 55
 * - style="background:#ffe1e1"
 * 46
 * Donald Trump
 * Donald Trump official portrait.jpg
 * January 20 2017
 * Republican
 * Mike Pence
 * align=center | 56
 * }
 * }