User:Cjleaps42/Cholent

= Cholent = From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search "Hamin" redirects here. For the village in Iran, see Hamin, Iran. For the village in Syria, see Hamin, Syria.

"Dafina" redirects here. For other uses, see Dafina (disambiguation). Cholent (Yiddish: טשאָלנט, romanized: tsholnt or tshulnt) or hamin (Hebrew: חמין) is a traditional Jewish stew. It is usually simmered overnight for up to 12 hours or more, and eaten for lunch on Shabbat (the Sabbath). The pot is brought to a boil on Friday before the Sabbath begins to conform to prohibitions of cooking on Shabbat, and kept on a blech or hotplate, or left in a slow oven or electric slow cooker, until the following day. Slow overnight cooking allows the flavors of the various ingredients to permeate and produces the characteristic taste of cholent. Cholent originated in ancient Judea, possibly as far back as the Second Temple period, and over the centuries various Jewish diaspora communities created their own variations of the dish with influences from their neighbors.

There are many variations of the dish, which is standard in both the Ashkenazi and Sephardi kitchens as well as other Jewish communities. The basic ingredients of cholent are meat, potatoes, beans and barley while Shabbat stews contain minimally meats and grains. a variety of grains, spices and meats.

Sephardi-style hamin often uses legumes like chikpeas or beans, vegetables and sometimes meat like chicken or beef. A traditional Sephardi addition is whole eggs in the shell (güevos haminados), which turn brown overnight as seen in cholent pots.

Ashkenazi cholent often contains kishke (a sausage casing) or helzel (a chicken neck skin stuffed with a flour-based mixture) in some households.

Contents

 * 1Etymology
 * 2Traditional Shabbat food
 * 3History
 * 4Variations
 * 4.1Ashkenazi cholent recipes
 * 4.2Sephardi hamin recipes
 * 5Literary references
 * 6See also
 * 7References
 * 8Bibliography

Etymology[edit]
Max Weinreich traces the etymology of cholent to the Latin present participle calentem (an accusative form of calēns), meaning "that which is hot" (as in calorie), via Old French chalant (present participle of chalt, from the verb chaloir, "to warm").

One widely quoted folk etymology derives the word from French chaud ("hot") and lent ("slow"). Another possible source is Yiddish word "shul" and "ende" as cholent was commonly eaten after services when "shul" would "end". Another folk etymology derives cholent (or sholen) from the Hebrew שלן (pronounced she-lan), which means "that rested [overnight]". This refers to the old-time cooking tradition of Jewish families placing their individual pots of cholent into the town baker's ovens that always stayed hot and slow-cooked the food overnight.[citation needed] Another possible etymology is from Old French chaudes lentes (hot lentils). This last proposed etymology is unlikely, as the d in chaudes is pronounced and not silent, and therefore too far from the pronunciation of tsholnt or tsholent (this would be doubly true in the case of Old French, which is notable for its final consonants being pronounced and not silent as in the case of Modern French).

Hamin (חמין, pronounced ḥamin), the precursor to cholent the original name for cholent[citation needed] which today refers to the Sephardi version of the stew popular also in Israel, derives from the Hebrew word חם "ham" ('hot'), as it is always served fresh off the stove, oven, or slow cooker. The origin of this name is the Mishnaic phrase tomnin et ha’chamin (Hebrew for "wrap the hot things"), which essentially provides the Rabbinical prescription for keeping food hot for the Sabbath without lighting a fire.

The Arabic words used in Morocco are sakhina (سخينة diminutive of "hot") and dafina or adafina (دفينة diminutive of "buried") to describe the popular method of burying the pot under hot embers.

Traditional Shabbat food[edit]
Vegetable cholent assembled in a slow cooker before Shabbat

In traditional Jewish families, Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Mizrahi, cholent or hamin is the hot main course of the midday Shabbat meal served on Saturdays after the morning synagogue services. Secular Jewish families in Israel also serve cholent. The dish is more popular in the winter. Cholent may be served on Shabbat in synagogues at a kiddush celebration after the conclusion of the Shabbat services, at the celebratory reception following an aufruf (when an Ashkenazi Jewish groom is called up to the Torah reading on the Shabbat prior to the wedding) or at bar and bat mitzvah receptions held on Shabbat morning.

Lighting a fire and cooking food are among the activities prohibited on Shabbat by the written Torah. Therefore, cooked Shabbat food, such as cholent or hamin, must be prepared before the onset of the Jewish Shabbat – by some as early as Thursdays and certainly not later than Friday afternoon. The pre-cooked food may then be kept hot for the Shabbat meal by the provision in the rabbinical oral law, which explains that one may use a fire that was lit before Shabbat to keep warm food that was already cooked before Shabbat.

Rabbi Zerachiah ben Isaac Ha-Levi Gerondi (Hebrew: רבינו זרחיה הלוי), the Baal Ha-Maor (author of the book Ha-Maor), went as far as to write that "he who does not eat warm food (on Shabbos) should be checked out to see if he is not a Min (a heretic)". The reasoning behind such austerity is that the Karaites interpreted the Torah verse, "You shall not [burn] (Heb: bi‘er the pi‘el form of ba‘ar) a fire in any of your dwellings on the day of Shabbat" to indicate that fire should not be left burning in a Jewish home on Shabbat, regardless of whether it was lit prior to, or during the Sabbath. In Rabbinic Judaism however, the qal verb form ba‘ar is understood to mean "burn", whereas the pi`el form (present here) is understood to be not intensive as usual but causative. (The rule being that the pi'el of a stative verb will be causative, instead of the usual hif'il.) Hence bi`er means "kindle", which is why Rabbinic Judaism prohibits only starting a fire on Shabbat. The ruling distinguishes Karites from Jews as the Rabbincal Council mandated eating a hot meal as a mitzvah to avoid idolatrous acts and grew the popularity of the dish as argued by John Cooper.

History[edit]
Originally called hamin harissa, cholent originated in ancient Judea, as far back as the Second Temple period. Such a stew that was cooked slowly in a pit is mentioned in the Jerusalem Talmud. Some scholars believe that the dish was created by the Pharisees, a Jewish sect active in Second Temple-era Judea, as they interpreted the Biblical verse "You shall not kindle fire in any of your dwelling places on the Sabbath day" as a prohibition against kindling a fire during Shabbat but not maintaining one, while another Jewish sect, the Sadducees, interpreted it as a prohibition against maintaining any fire on Shabbat, even one kindled before Shabbat, and thus ate cold food on Shabbat. It allegedly became a matter of principle to eat it as a counter to the interpretation of the Sadducees.

As the Jewish diaspora grew with Jewish migrations into Europe, North Africa, and elsewhere in the Middle East and Central Asia, Jewish diasporic communities developed their own variations of the dish based on the local climate and the available ingredients. Variations of the stew continued to be eaten in the Land of Israel throughout the centuries.

The first mention of Shabbat stew was recorded by historian Bladhari in the 9th century as being made for caliphate My'awiya being cooked with semolina dough stuffed with meat spices and fats almost 2 centuries earlier. Ashkenazi-style cholent was first mentioned in 1180, in the writings of Rabbi Yitzhak of Vienna. In the shtetls of Europe, religious neighborhoods in Jerusalem, and other cities in the Land of Israel before the advent of electricity and cooking gas, used a pot with the assembled but uncooked ingredients was brought to the local baker before sunset on Fridays. The baker would put the pot with the cholent mixture in his oven, which was always kept fired, and families would come by to pick up their cooked cholent on Saturday mornings. To avoid the prohibition of carrying, families often had children carry the pots for them as they were not bound to the prohibition until bar or bat mitzvah age. The same practice was observed in Morocco, where black pots of s’hina (see Variations below) were placed overnight in bakers’ ovens and then delivered by bakers’ assistants to households on Shabbat morning. The unique cooking requirements of cholent shabbat stews were the inspiration for the invention of the slow cooker.

The idea of slow-cooking food in a way that conforms with Shabbat restrictions also spread beyond stews, as seen with jachnun a puff pastry of Yemenite Jewish origin.

In modern Israel, cholent has become a dish widely available in restaurants. In 2013, cholenterias, casual restaurants specializing in cholent, emerged in Bnei Brak and the Haredi neighborhoods of Jerusalem, and became the premier night hangout areas for Haredi men between their Torah study sessions. Soon afterwards, cholent dishes spread to restaurants in secular areas. The dish's popularity was spread during the medieval ages in places like Hungary where gentiles began adding new, non-kosher ingredients and selling them in stores as well.

Variations[edit]
Earliest cites horissa was thought to begin in ancient Palestine and spread east during the Babylonian exile. Jewish communities with roots to this period like the Bukharian Jews of the Cascus mountains in areas like Uzbek and Khazaistan, also identifing as Mizrahi Jews, created Osh Savo which contains short round rice from Asain influence, beef, apples and a variety of spices. As all diasporic diets, Mizrahi diet used influences from their neighbors but bennefited from Arab prohibition of pork. Iraqi Jews similarly substituted butter in their negihbors recipes with sesame oil incfluencing their stew called Tabeet. T'bit or Tabeet is a rice heavy stew with tomato paste, onions spices and meat like lamb or stuffed chiken skin in some local areas. Persian based Khalebibi In Germany, the Netherlands, and other western European countries the special hot dish for the Shabbat lunch is known as schalet, shalent, or shalet. These western Yiddish words are straight synonyms of the eastern Yiddish cholent.

The Jewish people of Hungary adapted the Hungarian dish sólet to serve the same purpose as cholent. Sólet was likely modified by the Jewish people living in Pannonia when the Magyars arrived.

In Morocco, the hot dish eaten by Jews on the Sabbath is traditionally called s’hina or skhina (Arabic for "the warm dish"; Hebrew spelling סכינא). S'hina is made with chickpeas, rice or hulled wheat, potatoes, meat, and whole eggs simmering in the pot.

In Spain and the Maghreb a similar dish is called adafina or dafina, from the Arabic d'fina or t’fina for "buried" (which echoes the Mishnaic phrase "bury the hot food"). Adafina was popular in Medieval Judeo-Iberian cuisine, but today it is mainly found as dafina in North African Jewish cuisine. Sephardi Jews also ate another Shabbat stew called hareesa or horisa, a simple stew of meat and wheat ingredients. Tunisian and Libyan Jews ate a modified version of hareesa with chicken, eggs with farina, and meat patties.

The Sephardic Jews of the Old City of Jerusalem used to eat a traditional meal called macaroni hamin that consists of macaroni, chicken and potatoes. It was traditionally flipped upside down when served, just like maqluba.

In Bukharan Jewish cuisine, a hot Shabbat dish with meat, rice, and fruit added for a unique sweet and sour taste is called oshi sabo (or osh savo). The name of the dish in Persian or Bukharian Jewish dialect means "hot food [oshi or osh] for Shabbat [sabo or savo]", reminiscent of both hamin and s'hina.

Among Iraqi Jews, the hot Shabbat meal is called t'bit and it consists of whole chicken skin filled with a mixture of rice, chopped chicken meats, and herbs. The stuffed chicken skin in tebit calls to mind the Ashkenazi helzel, chicken neck skin stuffed with a flour and onion mixture that often replaces (or supplements) the kishke in European cholent recipes.

Indian Jews in Bombay traditionally ate a similar dish of chicken and rice together with spices such as ginger, turmeric, and cardamon.

Ethiopian Jews traditionally eat a kosher version of doro wat on Shabbat called Sanbat Wat, a stew of chicken and hard-boiled eggs commonly seasoned with berbere, cloves, onions, and other savory ingredients. It is traditionally served with injera.

Ashkenazi cholent recipes[edit]
There are many recipes for making cholent. Ingredients vary according to the geographic areas of Europe where the Jews lived and according to the preferences of the cook. The core ingredients of a traditional cholent are beans, usually a mixture of several kinds with varying size; grains, most commonly barley; and beef, usually shoulder, brisket, flanken, or any other fatty cut. Other common ingredients are sauteed onions and potatoes. The mixture is seasoned, mainly with salt, pepper, garlic, and spices (especially paprika), and water is added to create a stew-like consistency during overnight slow cooking.

While beef is the traditional meat ingredient, alternative meats may include chicken, turkey, veal, frankfurters, or even goose (echoing the French cassoulet). Other vegetables such as carrots, sweet potato, and zucchini may be added. For additional flavor and browning, some cooks add unpeeled onions or a small amount of sugar caramelized in oil. Some are known to add also beer or whiskey for extra flavor.

A common addition to cholent is kishke or helzel. Kishke is a type of kosher sausage stuffed with a flour mixture, chicken or goose fat, fried onions and spices. Traditionally, kishke was made with intestinal lining from a cow. Today, the casing is often an edible synthetic casing such as that used for salami or hot dogs. Helzel is chicken neck skin stuffed with a flour-based mixture similar to kishke and sewn with a thread and needle to ensure that it remains intact in long cooking.

Sephardi hamin recipes[edit]
Hamin Sephardi-style hamin calls for whole, stuffed vegetables in addition to meat or chicken. Whole vegetables such as tomatoes, green peppers, eggplant halves and zucchini are stuffed with a mixture of beef and rice, and are then placed into the pot with meat or chicken and chickpeas. Sephardim also add spices such as cumin and hot peppers.

The ingredients and spiciness of hamin varies from area to area. Iraqi Jews prepare their version of cholent, known as tebit, with a whole chicken stuffed with rice. Jews from Morocco or Iberia make a version called adafina or dafina, which calls for spices like garlic, cinnamon, allspice, ginger, and pepper, as well as whole eggs that turn brown and creamy during the long cooking process. The Spanish cocido ('stew') containing chicken and chickpeas is a likely offshoot of the traditional hamin of the Spanish Jews, though versions with pork are definitely not kosher.

Yemenite Jews have developed various kinds of breads similar to puff pastry cooked for ten hours, including jachnun and kubaneh (eaten in the morning of the Sabbath rather than at mid-day, with dairy meals).

A popular Sephardi variation of cholent is haminados. It typically includes whole eggs in the shell, which are placed on top of the hamin mixture in the stewing pot and turn brown in the course of all-night cooking. The brown eggs, called haminados (güevos haminadavos in Ladino, huevos haminados in Spanish), are shelled before serving and placed on top of the other cooked ingredients. In a Tunisian version, the brown eggs are cooked separately in a metal pot on the all-night stove with water and tea leaves (similar to tea eggs). Haminados can be cooked in this way even if no hamin is prepared. The addition of tea leaves, coffee grinds, or onion skins to the water dyes the shell purple and the white a light brown, giving the egg a smooth creamy texture. In Israel, brown eggs are a popular accompaniment to ful medames (a dish of mashed broad beans) and they may also be served with hummus (a dip of mashed chickpeas mixed with tahini) and in a sabich sandwich.

Literary references[edit]
Cholent is the subject of a poem by Heinrich Heine. He writes (using the German word schalet for cholent), ''"Schalet, ray of light immortal! / Schalet, daughter of Elysium!" / So had Schiller's song resounded, / Had he ever tasted schalet. / For this schalet is the very- / Food of heaven, which, on Sinai, / God Himself instructed Moses in the secret of preparing...'' (trans. Leland).

In Here Comes Mrs. Kugelman, a novel about preservation of the memory of a Polish town before the Holocaust, Minka Pradelski describes how the various cholents of the town of Bedzin were brought to the town baker on Friday afternoon to be placed in the large oven of the bakery so that they would cook and remain hot until ready to be eaten the next day for the Sabbath meal.

The Twins from France, an Orthodox Jewish acrobatic duo, produced a DVD called Cholent, as it's a compilation of them doing various unrelated pieces.

In the episode "Boxed In" of the television show NCIS, Ziva David prepares cholent for Gibbs, McGee, and Abby.

See also[edit]

 * Food portal


 * Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine
 * Cocido madrileño
 * Israeli cuisine
 * Jewish cuisine
 * Kashrut
 * Kosher foods
 * List of stews

References[edit]

 * 1) ^ A Pot Full of Beans and Love Archived 2008-11-14 at the Wayback Machine, Haaretz, 10 November 2008.
 * 2) ^ Max Weinreich, History of the Yiddish Language, University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1980), p. 400.
 * 3) ^ E. Einhorn, Old French: A Concise Handbook, Cambridge University Press (1974), p. 150.
 * 4) ^
 * 5) ^
 * 6) ^ Jump up to:a b "He may put his victuals into the stove for the purpose of keeping them warm", Tractate Shabbat, 2:8 Archived 2018-03-31 at the Wayback Machine
 * 7) ^ Jump up to:a b "Cooked victuals may be put on a stove that was heated with straw or stubble", Tractate Shabbat, 3:1 Archived 2017-08-26 at the Wayback Machine
 * 8) ^
 * 9) ^ Safer Ha-Maor in Tractate Shabbat Perek Kirah
 * 10) ^
 * 11) ^
 * 12) ^
 * 13) ^
 * 14) ^
 * 15) ^
 * 16) ^
 * 17) ^
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 * 19) ^
 * 20) ^ Jump up to:a b c d John Cooper, Eat and Be Satisfied: A Social History of Jewish Food, Jason Aronson, Northvale, New Jersey (1993), pp. 101–07, 183–90.
 * 21) ^ Naxon, Lenore. "My Dad, the Inventor of the Crock Pot." Beyond Bubbie. 8 April 2013. 2 May 2013.
 * 22) ^
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 * 24) ^ Schalet in The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1993), p. 2710.
 * 25) ^ Raphael Patai, The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology, Wayne State University Press, Detroit (1996), p. 21.
 * 26) ^ Jump up to:a b Joelle Bahloul, "Food Practices Among Sephardic Immigrants in Contemporary France: Dietary Laws in Urban Society", Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 63(3):485–96; cf. pp. 488, 491.
 * 27) ^ Rivka Levy-Melloul, Moroccan Cooking, Jerusalem Publishing House, Jerusalem (1982), pp. 73–77 (in Hebrew).
 * 28) ^ Oshi sabo recipe Archived 2008-03-11 at the Wayback Machine (in Hebrew); recipe in English from Jewish Woman Archived 2008-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, Fall 2005.
 * 29) ^
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 * 32) ^ Princess Sabbath, The Works of Heinrich Heine, Romancero, Third Book, Hebrew Melodies, William Heineman, London, 1905.
 * 33) ^

Bibliography[edit]

 * Ansky, Sherry, Hamin (Hebrew; English title Tscholent), Keter Books, Jerusalem, 2008. Book review here
 * Finkel, Sara (1989). Classic Kosher Cooking. Southfield, Michigan: Targum Press Inc. ISBN 0944070140.
 * Pomerantz, Kay Kantor (1997). Come for Cholent. New York: Bloch Publishing Co. ISBN 0819705985.