User:Clarkb8/sandbox

Coatings (RBC & RBC-PL)
Common pathogens are pore forming toxins that form pores in a cell membrane. These cells target red blood cells. When there are no red blood cells around, these toxins target platelets. There are nanorobots that have a coating similar to red blood cells and platelets. This allows them to disguise as a red blood cell and/or platelet. These RBC-PL coated nanorobots display efficient propulsion in blood without apparent biofouling. Their movement mimics the movement of natural cells. This ability to blend in enhances their ability to bind to platelet adhering pathogens. The increased binding ability helped the nanorobots more effectively neutralize toxins because a pathogen that targets these types of cells would be more likely to interact with the nanorobots. This increases the amount of collisions and interactions between the nanorobots and the pathogens/toxins. They can help absorb and remove the toxins and bacteria. Other functions are being able to neuralize cytolytic activity regardless of the molecular structure, enhanced mass transport and they may also be able to fight auto-immune disease. Having a natural coating on something synthetic allows the nanorobots to have the benefits of both the natural and synthetic materials.

Nanorobots for removal of toxins
These nanorobots have natural coatings which allow a different interaction with the body than something that is only synthetic. The pathogens and toxins are more likely to interact with the nanorobot. In nanorobots with a red blood cell and platelet coating, the nanorobot is able to disguise as the target of the pathogen. This increases interaction and allows the nanorobot to bind more easily. When the nanorobot is able to bind, it is able to neutralize toxins.

Nanorobots can also be used for targeted drug delivery. Expand on this.

Macrophage Biomimetic Nanoparticles for Management of Sepsis
Currently, sepsis treatments are lacking. Most treatments are just supportive and not effective against fighting the infection. Research that uses nanoparticles that are biomimetic to macrophages. The macrophage coating onto the nanoparticle surface increases the surface to volume ratio of the nanoparticle. This increased ratio is important for efficient endotoxin neutralization.These macrophages act as decoys that can bind to and neutralize endotoxins. Without neutralizing these endotoxins, an immune response would be triggered. These nanoparticles are able to sequester proinflammatory cytokines which inhibit the ability to start a septic response. These have been tested in a mouse Escherichia coli bacteremia model, where the nanoparticles were able to significantly increase the survival of the mice by decreasing the proinflammatory cytokine levels and preventing the bacteria from disseminating. This cannot be replicated in the medical field yet, but it shows promise toward being able to treat sepsis.

Summary of Macrophage-like nanoparticles concurrently absorbing endotoxins and proinflammatory cytokines for sepsis management, (Soracha Thamphiwatana, Pavimol Angsantikul, Tamara Escajadillo, Qiangzhe Zhang, Joshua Olson, Brian T. Luk, Sophia Zhang, Ronnie H. Fang, Weiwei Gao, Victor Nizet, and Liangfang Zhang)

http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1714267114


 * Management of sepsis using macrophage biomimetic nanoparticles
 * Wrapping polymeric cores with cell membrane
 * Bind and neutralize endotoxins
 * Testing in a mouse Escherichia coli bactermia model
 * Spread of endotoxin is crucial in pathogenesis
 * Functional similarities to RBC
 * Neutralize cytolytic activity regardless of molecular structure
 * Used against auto-immune diseases
 * Endotoxin → lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
 * Released during cell division, cell death of antibiotic treatment
 * MΦ-NPs -> maintained proteins for LPS binding
 * Mainly in blood and liver
 * Graphs and figures showing the effect on binding and LPS in absorbance, fluorescence, etc.
 * Endothelial cells respond quick to LPS exposure with cell adhesion
 * Neutralization in mice
 * LPS injections
 * Also other groups in experiment
 * Tried lethal doses
 * 60% survived lethal injection with MΦ-NPs
 * Large survival benefit of this with bacterial sepsis
 * Coating macrophage membranes onto nanoparticle surfaces increase surface to volume ratio → critical for efficient endotoxin neutralization

Summary of Hybrid biomembrane–functionalized nanorobots for concurrent removal of pathogenic bacteria and toxins (Berta Esteban-Fernández de Ávila, Pavimol Angsantikul, Doris E. Ramírez-Herrera, Fernando Soto, Hazhir Teymourian, Diana Dehaini, Yijie Chen, Liangfang Zhang and Joseph Wang)

https://robotics.sciencemag.org/content/3/18/eaat0485


 * Nanorobots for removal of pathogenic bacteria and toxins
 * Removal of biological threat agents
 * RBC membranes and platelet membranes
 * Variety of associated proteins
 * Concurrent removal of bacteria and toxins
 * Multipurpose
 * Enhanced mass transport
 * Increased directional collisions
 * Prolonged acoustic propulsion in whole blood
 * No apparent biofouling
 * Mimicked movement of natural motile cells
 * Gram positive bacterial infections
 * Variety of biological targets
 * Targeted drug delivery, immune modulation and detoxification
 * Gel electrophoresis
 * Fluorescence imaging
 * Specific binding tests
 * Target certain bacterial to reduce severity of infections
 * Binding processes of materials