User:Classicsbonaparte/sandbox

Saudi arabia

 * The creation of the kingdom
 * The ikhwan
 * The kingdom of saudi Arabia and the U.S.A.
 * King Saud
 * King Faysal
 * The fast developpement of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the fear of an uprising
 * Iraq's betrayal and the after war
 * Oussama Ben Laden: terrorist attacks that lead to a sudden change of the way Saudis viewed the U.S.A.

The creation of the kingdom
At first the region was populated by tribes till the beginning of the 21th century. In fact 100 years ago, rival tribes lived in the peninsula among them was AL Saud tribe. The first king, Abdel Aziz Ibn Saud , reunited the tribes , and that is when Saudi Arabia became an official monarchy.

The ikhwan
The ikhwan is some kind of organization that had a strict ideology about Islam, they were anti-western , and they were violent towards anyone who opposes to their ideology. They wanted to control Mecca and Medina, but also create an empire of their own. That’s why they started attacking the British Mandate and challenging the king Abdel Aziz. In general the Ikhwan wished Ibn Saud to pursue strict wahhabi policies, while Ibn Saud sought more flexibility to adapt "policy to local circumstances" and maintain political stability, especially in newly conquered lands that had few wahhabi believers. After conquest of the two holy cities of Mecca and Medina, Ibn Saud sought to "reassured the Muslim world that a new wahhabi regime would not disrupt the pilgrimage", while the Ikhwan "pressed for strict adherence to wahhabi norms" such as forbidding smoking tobacco and worshiping at shrines. Many were supportive of the king against Al Ikhwan and in 1927 a Fatwa was declared which is a religious decision.

The kingdom of saudi Arabia and the U.S.A.
The kingdom of Saudi Arabia or KSA was official in 1932,, the king which still was Abdel Aziz at the time , had 45 sons ( from different women , from different tribes )whom everyone of them became king ever since. After the discovery of oil in 1931, a deal was made between KSA  and the USA , that offered to fund the oil search. The deal was sealed after the meeting of Roosevelt ( The president of the USA at the time ) and the King Abdel Aziz  ( Aram. Co ). The deal consisted of the KSA supplying the USA with oil in exchange of security. In 1945, the oil was a “ national security priority for the US ” since the war. In the Quincy meeting, Roosevelt sealed a deal that would last for over 60 years that consisted of KSA’s oil  exportation to the US. In addition, Roosevelt consulted Abed el Aziz concerning the Palestine/jewish issue and asked for his opinion. In return the king made it clear that he was against the creation of a territory for Jews in Palestine and Roosevelt promised to take his opinion into count. In 1945 Roosevelt died and Truman took his place as president of USA, and since Roosevelt is dead, Abdelaziz’s opinion didn’t affect Truman’s decision and in 1948 , Israel became a state of it’s own .The king was furious and saw this decision as being a betrayal from the USA , and that is when the conflicts between KSA and Israel began and they are still present ever since. On the other hand, some conflicts were taking place in Saudi Arabia when Sharif Hussein( ruler of Jordan at the time ) proclaimed himself as the legitimate prefect of Mecca and Medina since he is related directly to the prophet .While his relative Faisal was king of Iraq. The king felt threatened by those legit leaders, that’s why he took control of Medina and Mecca and in 1933 gave the throne to his eldest  son Saud and his son Faisal was in charge of the economic and foreign affairs.

King Saud
The new king ( Saud) wasn’t tough enough and was seen as quite soft .In fact his reign turned out to be dissatisfying to the royal family for multiple reasons. In his period of reign, he had established to build compounds with American conditions to foreigners so they could live there without feeling bothered or out of place, it was as America inside of the KSA .While the ideology of the Saudi Arabia was Wahhabism which is a really strict form of Islam , these compounds were criticized by many. King Saud was the first Saudi monarch to visit 	New York, there , he renewed the lease of US airbase in KSA ( asset in the Cold War ). But in the time of his visit many rumors emerged about the king drinking alcohol and being addicted to it. The kingdom was shocked by the news which made it unstable. In addition Saud was also well known for his naïve behavior with money as he over did it with the spending. Saud was finally removed by a fatwa, he was exiled to Athens in Greece , and his brother Faysal was declared as a new king.

King Faysal
King Faysal was known for his interest to changing KSA into a developed country, but in order to do that , KSA had to be more modern , which was seen as HARAM by the most of the Saudis that wanted to upgrade their lifestyle but without loosing their traditions. Firstly Saud built school for girls, and by this step he earned many haters but still managed to control the public opinion somehow. (Many things were banned from the kingdom, things that may appear to be silly nowadays , like vanilla ) Meanwhile ,Nasser who had allied with the soviet, was dealing with the Muslim brotherhood Faisal welcomed islamist extremist from other Arab countries because the religious leaders accepted to be more flexible towards the “lifestyle upgrading projects ” of Faisal, if he welcomed them. Later on Faisal approved TV, that was counted as a sin to Saudis , since images were not allowed. That is why they only broadcasted religious programs Faisal then reconciled with Nasser against Israel in 1967, but the war ended after 6 days with humiliation of the Arabic leaders. KSA, became against the American community since the US supported Israel. In 1973, there was the Kippur war. A boycott took place after that with the Aram. Co stopped pumping oil which caused that the oil price had more then tripled. US was forced to negotiate.

The fast developpement of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the fear of an uprising
The kingdom had developed at a fast rhythm ; infrastructures were built, skyscrapers , schools, the lack of skill in KSA was replaced by foreign workers , but at the same time there was corruption( real estate and military purchases ) , bribes and oversized commissions. Meanwhile in Iran an Islamic revolution emerged in 1979 ( another corrupted country backed bu the US ). The king and the government feared a revolution as such in KSA, and on the 20th of november 1979 there was a hijacking in a mosque in Mecca by Jihad (120 soldiers died ).

Iraq's betrayal and the after war
In Saudi Arabia there is no taxes but there is religious duties as KSA should give money to Arabic Islam countries in need as Afghanistan and Bosnia ( Muslim fighters).KSA gave money and soldiers (20 000) to Afghanistan’s war against Jihad. KSA also supported Iraq’s ( Sunni ) war in the 90’s against Iran ( shia). But Iraq betrayed KSA by invading Kuwait which is a golf Muslim Sunni country. Then Ben Laden (ISLAMISM ) proposed his services to stop Saddam Hussein ( secularism, which is a regime that is not related to religion ) to save holy places. The USA and the international coalition intervened against Saddam Hussein, that is when a fatwa against the US intervention was placed. After the war, Saudi Arabia was left in debt. In that time Saudi women revolutions emerged after getting influenced by the US ladies , they wanted to drive cars but their demand didn’t get acceptance , in response to that women started driving cars illegally , which caused their imprisonment.

Oussama Ben Laden: terrorist attacks that lead to a sudden change of the way Saudis viewed the U.S.A.
In 1995 Oussama Ben Laden started bombing KSA, because he opposed to the alliance of KSA and the USA , he wanted to change the regime that was backed up by the US. He started attacking US military bases in KSA. In 1996, another bombing took place and king Fahed was judged by incapacity and royal corruption. Satellites was approved finally and information weren’t controlled anymore by the regime, that is when Saudis began watching the news and seeing Palestinian children fighting for their freedom against bombings of Israel given by the US which caused a sudden change of the way Saudis saw the U.S.A. On the 11th of September 2001 a terrorist attack took place in the USA  by Ben Laden.