User:Cloclo174/sandbox

Epidemiology
The two most recent years of data according to HCUP in the U.S. for ulnar collateral injury were 2009 and 2010. In 2009, there were 404 discharges and the ages ranged from 18-64 years. 154 (38.22%) were in the 18-44 years group and 158 (39.22%) were 45-64 years. 226 (56.03%) were male and 178 (43.97%) were female. 205 patients paid with private insurance (50.80%) and 76 used Medicare (18.71%). 64 (15.91%) paid with other means. 301 (74.59%) patients stayed at private not-for-profit hospitals. 253 (62.66%) were teaching hospitals. 362 (89.55%) hospitals were in metropolitan areas covering the Northeast (82, 20.33%), Midwest (119, 29.36%), and Western (94, 23.26%) regions.In 2010, there were 425 discharges and the ages ranged from 18-84 years. 173 (40.60%) of patients were between 18-44 years, 144 (33.83%) were 45-64 years, and 79 (18.59%) were 65-84 years. 214 (50.36%) were male and 211 (49.64%) were female. 223 (52.51%) paid with private insurance and 74 (17.46%) used Medicare. 289 (67.87%) hospitals were private, not-for-profit, 278 (65.41%) were teaching hospitals and 417 (97.93%) were metropolitan.A 2-year study showed that 92 % of 25 elite baseball players who had UCL surgery using a docking technique returned to pre-injury competitive level (Paletta, 2006). Also, another 2 year study of 83% of 942 athletes who undergone UCL reconstruction using a modified Jobe technique returned to a previous or higher level performance (Cain, 2010). Even still, a 6 year study of 67 UCL surgeries showed that 79% returned to play (Azar, 2000). However, in javelin throwers, even though 90% return to play, it took on average 15 months to recover which is longer than baseball players (Dines, 2012). Additionally, research on 10 cadavers “found an osseous ridge that extended distally from the sublime tubercle to just medial to the ulnar insertion of the brachialis muscle tendon”. This was in all specimens and showed a mean length of 24.5 mm. This described that UCL surgeries have failed to retain the true anatomy (Farrow, 2011) .Throwing a pitch in baseball with a sock. The flexion of the elbow cause the medial ulnar collateral ligament to be vulnerable to injury because all of the force is being applied to that ligament to ensure that the elbow does not fully abduct.