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Tsat, also known as Utsat, Utset, Hainan Cham, or Huíhuī (simplified Chinese: 回辉语; traditional Chinese: 回輝語; pinyin: Huíhuīyǔ), is a language spoken by 4,500 Utsul people in Yanglan (Chinese: 羊栏) and Huixin (Chinese: 回新) villages near Sanya, Hainan, China. Tsat is a member of the Malayo-Polynesian group within the Austronesian language family, and is one of the Chamic languages originating on the coast of present-day Vietnam.  Hainan Cham is classified to be a "6b threatened" language. The classification "6b" refers to a language that is threatened due to its nature of losing speakers of the language.  Being so close to Mainland China, the language of Hainan Cham is under severe pressure of assimilating to a powerful language, Mandarin Chinese. 1 Unusually for an Austronesian language, Tsat has developed into a solidly tonal language, probably as a result of areal linguistic effects and contact with the diverse tonal languages spoken on Hainan including varieties of Chinese such as Hainanese and Standard Chinese, Tai–Kadai languages such as the Hlai languages, and Hmong–Mien languages such as Kim Mun.[3]

Simple Vowels
Hainan Cham has seven simple vowels. There are two front vowels, /i/ and /e/, two central vowels, /ə/ and /a, a:/, two back vowels, /u/ and /o/. The table below shows six out of seven simple vowels of Hainan Cham in IPA form. :38 The seventh vowel is /ɿ/. This high apical vowel is limited to a handful of mandarin borrowings such as  'kuy 21 sɿʔ 43 . This vowel is not shown on the vowel IPA chart.

Diphthongs
Hainan Cham has nine diphthongs. The two types of diphthongs in Hainan Cham are rising diphthongs and falling diphthongs. There are five rising diphthongs and four falling diphthongs. Rising diphthongs are vowels that glide from a more open tongue position to a less open tongue position. The five rising diphthongs are /i̯u/, /i̯ɘ/, /i̯o/, /i̯a/, and /u̯a/. Falling diphthongs are vowels that are more sonorous in the vowel's first part. The four falling diphthongs are /ui̯/, /oi̯/, /ai̯/ and /a:i̯/, and /au̯/ and /a:u̯/. 39

Triphthongs
Hainan Cham has three triphthongs. The three triphthongs are /iaj/, /iaw/, and /uaj/. The origins of these triphthongs are mainly from Mon-Kmer or Chinese borrowings. 39

Consonants
Hainan Cham has nineteen consonants in total. There are five places of articulation shown on the top horizontal row, and five manners of producing sound shown in the first column. The table below shows a complete IPA chart of the consonants present in Hainan Cham. The "-" behind the consonants /p-/, /pʰ-/, /ɓ-/, /v-/, /m-/, /tʰ-/, /ɗ-/, /s-/, /z-/, /ts-/, /ɭ-/, /ɲ-/, /kʰ-/, and /h-/ indicates that the consonant can occur syllable initially. 37

Syllable Structure
The possible syllable structure in Hainan Cham are shown below:

           




Hainan Cham is the only Chamic language that is fully tonal. The language transitioned from an atonal to a tonal language. 41 There are five phonemic tones in Hainan Cham. The tones are 55, 33, 21, 43, and 24. The five digits refer to different pitches in the language. 40

Derivational Affixes
The language has a limited amount of affixes, of which, most are demonstrated below:

Gender Clarification
          

This suffix maj 33  acts as a gender determiner, as in the following example:    Similarly, the addition of  'maj 33 ' to tso 33  'grandchild' changes the meaning to 'grandaughter', showing the change in meaning of the morpheme. 114  

Negation
Another derivational affix is the negation morphemes. 177      

Pattern AABB
Reduplication of the same monosyllabic verb morpheme following the pattern AABB indicates repetitiveness of a verb.

Pattern AA
The use of reduplication of monosyllabic verb in the pattern of AA shows extended duration of the verb.

Combination of Opposites with Directions
Adding the phrase “around, about” can indicate indefinite or approximate numbers. The combination of opposite adjectives creates a phrase indicating 'approximate'.

Basic Word Order
The basic word order in Hainan Cham is SVO. The following two simple sentences demonstrate the SVO structure. 111 Although a rare occasion, Hainan Cham appears to have a movement from post-head to pre-head using the sa 33  construction. On rare occasions this causes the relative clauses to precede the head noun in a SVO language. 111

Headness
The heavy influence of Mandarin in Hainan Cham disrupts the head structure. While native Hainan Cham follow a head final structure, the Mandarin influence causes Hainan Cham to disrupt the head structure to a head initial pattern.The following example is a disrupted pattern demonstrating head initial pattern. 111 The influence of Mandarin in Hainan Cham is present in the cases. Colloquial Cham such as in folk stories, follows a post-head modification pattern found in Chamic. The Mandarinized Cham which uses the prenominal modification is present in textual concept of liberation and government documents. 150

The following example is a Mandarin originated head-initial pattern.