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Sex
--published-- Since our sex refers to our biological features (including the reproductive anatomy, hormones, etc.), the sex of a baby is determined even before they are born. The most obvious example to determine between the two sexes is that a male has a penis and a woman has a vagina.

Besides looking at the physical attributes, doctors determine if a child is a male or female by looking at their sex chromosomes. Sex chromosomes in humans are the 23rd pair; they are either X or Y. The chromosomal sex of an individual depends on which sex chromosomes are acquired from the parents. A double X (XX) belongs to a female individual, whereas having an X and a Y (XY) is a male-- sex determination is due to the absence or presence of the Y chromosome.

Gender
For sex, biology doesn’t show the interconnections of our physical beings with our experience within our environment. It only looks through the levels of our bodies like hormones, genes, genitalia and etc. What we are born with is what makes us a male or a female. However for our gender, environmental factors (such as culture, religion, etc) let’s our personality be malleable.

Criticism
--published-- Under the biological determinism, the difference between men and women are dominated by their genes. Since nature gives us facts and makes our social organization, we are what we are. Following the facts of nature will lead to survival. It also explains why men and women fit in certain roles when looking at their biological features. For example, women are fit to do household works while men work due to their ability to outperform women in the sciences(where this area of occupation is seen to be paid more).

However, there are modern scholars who criticize the standard dichotomy between sex and gender.

Similar to Linda Zerilli's assumption, Lynda Birke believes biology is not static because biological differences are formed through our social environment (like culture, religion, etc.). Until girls and boys reach puberty, there is not much difference among them. As they get closer and closer to puberty, their body starts to accept changes so that their bodies will survive in the society they live in. Men will develop larger testes as the testes begin to produce sperm and the women begin to menstruate as their ovaries begin to produce mature eggs in preparation for pregnancy.

Feminism
--published-- Anne Fausto-Sterling also demonstrates the reflection of social construction in gender difference by studying intersex individuals in her Article Of Gender and Geintals. Because intersexuals are seen from the society to be "fixed", it proves how it tries to preserve a "two-gender system"—whether you're a girl or a boy, never in between.

Others try to study the difference between women and men to see the environmental effects. Lynda Birke says from her article "In Pursuit of Differences' that the difference between hormones are not absolute, but the terms male or female hormones imply that one hormone "specifically" belongs to one sex or the other. Neither women or men actually produces a unique hormone. Instead, both men and women produce androgens, oestrogens and progestins; the only difference is that men produces more androgens than females and females produce more oestrogens and progestins. Thus, androgen hormones stimulates male characteristics for men and female characteristics with oestrogens and progestins for women.

Intersex
--Published-- When a child doesn’t fit the condition of a female or a male, they are called intersex. Intersex deals with chromosomal incongruities. According to Intersex Society of North America (ISNA), intersex is a term used for a person who doesn’t fit the typical classification of a male or a female due to their reproductive or sexual anatomy. A person who appears to be a female from the outside may mostly have a male-typical anatomy from the inside. Another condition is when a person who might be born “in-between” the two types of sex. This would mean that a girl may be born with a large clitoris, or lack a vaginal opening, or a boy may be born with a small penis or a scrotum that is separated and looks more like a “labia". This can be fixed through surgery.

In the end, nature does not decide the sex, but the doctors and physicians do. Doctors will do surgery to those who "need" it.

Some common types of intersexuality
Taken from Anne Fausto-Sterling's article Of Gender and Genitals ((name)) = published

Biological determinism
biological determinism says that the biological differences between men and women is dominated by our genes. We are what we are because of what we're born with.

Criticism
--published-- Another critique where environmental factors and interacting with the society plays a role in distinguishing gender is through the study of intersex. Anne Fausto-Sterling's research on studying intersex individuals prove that sex can be socially constructed. Intersex bodies are born the way they are, just like how a typical male and female is born. However, they are not considered "normal" and is described by the doctor to have "birth defect of unfinished genitalia". By having surgery, it lets their bodies interact with the world and try to conform to the stigma of being a male or female--even if it means complications and unsatisfactory emotions in the future.

Men vs Women
--pubished-- Some common differences between men and women in society today are: These differences between men and women in society are naturalized as displays of biological sex differences.
 * men are taller and heavier than women
 * men are physically stronger in terms of performance on sports field or track
 * men have larger brains, but that's because they're larger; men and women proportionally have the same brain size.
 * women have different susceptibility to certain diseases (men suffer more frequently in variety of circulatory and heart disease and some cancers; women are more likely to be diagnosed as psychiatrically disturbed and be drugged or institutionalized)
 * men's and women's jobs are different even though there are more women in paid labor
 * men are more likely to be cabinet ministers or parliamentarians, business executives or tycoons, Nobel Prize winning scientists or fellows of academies, doctors or airline pilots
 * women are more likely to be secretaries, laboratory technicians, office cleaners, nurses, airline stewardesses, primary school teachers, or social workers.

Division of labor
--published-- Social division of labor is the division of labor between sexes in our society. . Biological determinism plays a part in the division of labor among men and women when they are compared by their fit gender roles. For example, the division of labor between men and women show that men tend to be in more powerful and better paid, more dominant jobs, whereas women are in less powerful, more poorly paid and more subordinate productive labor.

Society turns to biology to compare between males and females when it comes to positional jobs that might face problems.

Robert Merton characterized science as working through "competitive cooperation". Merton says knowledge is "gained through competition, but products of competition are "communized" so the entire process trikes a balance between competition and cooperation". As for women, they see science as a field to be aggressively competitive, whereas males are pushing and shoving to be at the top.

Women in the field of science
Anne Fausto-Sterling Emily Martin Ruth Hubbard