User:Cmatvc/William Howard Stein

Peer Review By Sjhxbn (talk) 16:30, 19 March 2021 (UTC)

 * 1) First, what does the article do well? Is there anything from your review that impressed you? Any turn of phrase that described the subject in a clear way?
 * 2) I really like the scale of the content that is being added, I myself did not have nearly this amount prepared for peer reviewing, and that is incredible in it’s own. There is way more in this draft than in the actual article, and this is almost an entire article in itself.
 * 3) What changes would you suggest the author apply to the article? Why would those changes be an improvement?
 * 4) Possibly the Chromatography section could use more information, this draft is extremely well done, and adding to that section would make it much more well rounded. Every section they would have would be filled out sufficiently at that point.
 * 5) What's the most important thing the author could do to improve the article?
 * 6) Maybe diversifying sources would be the most important thing I can think of for this article, other than actually getting all this drafted information into the original article itself.
 * 7) Did you notice anything about the article you reviewed that could be applicable to your own article? Let them know!
 * 8) I noticed, and was a huge fan of the way the sections are organized, primarily how the original text and modified original text is identified from the rest of the drafting that has been done. I will definitely add something similar to my article. I also really liked the notes section, it was particularly useful in many ways.

Peer Review By Austinroberts3567

 * 1) What does the draft do well? The information is presented in a clear and concise manner. I also think you guys did a good job linking important concepts to other pages.
 * 2) What changes would you suggest? I think that you guys did a great job explaining what he accomplished, but I think it would be good to include the importance of his achievements. As it stands I understand that what he did was good; however, I do not have a good understanding of his contributions to the scientific community.
 * 3) Most important thing the author can do to improve the article? Like I said before including the importance of his work would be beneficial to understanding his achievements. I also think that the scientific careers headers should be the first thing listed in the article, since that is what people are most likely wanting to learn about, then have the life and careers header underneath.
 * 4) Overall I think you guys have a great rough draft. After reviewing your article and seeing how well it is organized I realize how much more improvement I need to put into my own rough draft.

Peer Review Response by Bayerite (talk) 16:43, 2 April 2021 (UTC)
I appreciate all the suggestions by the peer reviews! It was recommended by one peer reviewer that we should diversify the sources more. I agree. A variety of sources is definitely something the draft article is lacking. In response to this, I plan to find 1-3 more sources from which I can elaborate on William H. Stein’s “Life and education.” There is certainly more information to be added to the “Scientific Career” section, so I imagine we will be adding more sources about this information automatically as we progress. A peer reviewer also mentioned that the article does not give a good understanding of William H. Stein’s contributions to science. Since the “Scientific Career” section is not complete, hopefully we will be able to convey all of his important contributions once finished. Additionally, we could summarize William H. Stein’s accomplishments in the lead section, so readers understand his contributions to science at a glance of the article. Finally, it was recommended that we place the “Scientific Career” section first. I disagree with this suggestion simply out of concern for chronological order. Most Wikipedia articles, like the one on Albert Einstein or Isaac Newton for example, start with early life. That being said, hopefully the edits to the lead section will help convey William H. Stein’s achievements. --Bayerite (talk) 16:43, 2 April 2021 (UTC)

Peer Review Response by Cmatvc (talk) 16:52, 2 April 2021 (UTC)
I definitely agree with the peer reviewers on the chromatography section needing more material: It was a main part of his most important work! So I will definitely be working on that. I also agree about the diversification of sources: we have more lined up than what is used currently, so we’ll definitely take a dive into those and try to utilize them in the article. I also agree that his contributions to science could use a little more elaboration on why they were so important, but I am also trying not to elaborate too much, as this could easily turn into biased language. As for the order of material, I don’t think we will put the scientific achievements before the personal life section, as I think the chronological order of the article flows a little better, and we can give more of an overview in the leader section of the article. --Cmatvc (talk) 16:52, 2 April 2021 (UTC)

Notes for William Howard Stein Article Sandbox

 * 1) This is a sandbox for drafting the William Howard Stein Wikipedia page.
 * 2) Proposed additions to the article appear like "this." Original text from the Wikipedia page appears italicized like "this." Minor rewording of original text from the Wikipedia page appears italicized AND bolded like "this." --Bayerite (talk) 16:26, 18 March 2021 (UTC)
 * 3) Notes (of what to include/comments/etc) within the article draft are indicated with bullet points. --Cmatvc (talk) 08:16, 19 March 2021 (UTC)
 * 4) Sentences that are to be removed from the article (if no citation is present in the original article, and the information is elaborated in a different way) appear struck out like " this. " --Cmatvc (talk) 09:58, 2 April 2021 (UTC)

List of sources to utilize for this article:

 * 1) National, Academy of Sciences Staff. Biographical Memoirs, National Academies Press, 1987. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.libproxy.mst.edu/lib/umr-ebooks/detail.action?docID=3376321.
 * 2) "Stein, William Howard." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 18, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008, pp. 851-855. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2830905342/GVRL?u=mizzou_rolla&sid=GVRL&xid=ef90e996. Accessed 26 Feb. 2021.
 * 3) Lee, W. David. From X-Rays to DNA : How Engineering Drives Biology, MIT Press, 2013. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.libproxy.mst.edu/lib/umr-ebooks/detail.action?docID=3339708.
 * 4) Strasser, Bruno J.. Collecting Experiments : Making Big Data Biology, University of Chicago Press, 2019. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.libproxy.mst.edu/lib/umr-ebooks/detail.action?docID=5762503.
 * 5) Ettre, Leslie S. Chapters In The Evolution Of Chromatography, edited by John V Hinshaw, World Scientific Publishing Company, 2008. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.libproxy.mst.edu/lib/umr-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1193586.
 * 6) Chromatography : A Science of Discovery, edited by Robert L. Wixom, and Charles W. Gehrke, John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2010. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.libproxy.mst.edu/lib/umr-ebooks/detail.action?docID=661612.

William Howard Stein Article
William Howard Stein (June 25, 1911 – February 2, 1980) was an American biochemist who collaborated in the determination of the ribonuclease sequence, as well as how its structure relates to catalytic activity, earning a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1972 for his work. --Cmatvc (talk) 08:28, 19 March 2021 (UTC) Stein was also involved in the invention of the automatic amino acid analyzer, an advancement in chromatography that opened the door to modern methods of chromatography, such as liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. --Cmatvc (talk) 04:23, 7 April 2021 (UTC)

Early life and education
William H. Stein was born on 25 June 1911 in New York City. His father, Fred M. Stein, was a businessman who retired early to support local New York health organizations. His mother, Beatrice Borg Stein, was a children’s rights activist who developed afterschool activities. Staunch advocates for the welfare of society, Stein’s parents fostered his interests in the life sciences from a young age. As a child, Stein attended the recently established “progressive” Lincoln School which was sponsored by the Teachers College of Columbia University; there, he was able to explore the natural sciences through field trips and science projects. At the age of sixteen, Stein was transferred to the Phillips Exeter Academy in New England to prepare for higher education. --Bayerite (talk) 00:36, 15 March 2021 (UTC)

In 1936, during his graduate studies at Columbia University, William H. Stein married Phoebe Hockstader. They had three sons together: William H. Stein, Jr., David F. Stein, and Robert J. Stein. William H. Stein lived in with his family New York the rest of his life—mainly in Manhattan and briefly in Scarsdale, New York. --Bayerite (talk) 03:48, 19 March 2021 (UTC)

Academic career
William H. Stein began his higher education as a chemistry major at Harvard University in 1929. He spent one year as a graduate student at Harvard University before transferring to the Department of Biological Chemistry at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, in 1934 to focus on biochemistry. Hans Thatcher Clarke, the chairman of the department at the time, was collecting many talented graduate students who would become the distinguished biochemists of the early twentieth century. In 1937, William H. Stein completed his thesis on the amino acid composition of elastin, earning his Ph.D. Stein was introduced to potassium trioxalatochromate and ammonium rhodanilate by Max Bergmann, a Jewish-German biochemist who fled to the United States in 1934 under threat of Nazi occupation and worked in a laboratory at the Rockefeller Institute. He used these two precipitating agents to isolate the amino acids glycine and proline, respectively, for his research on elastin. --Bayerite (talk) 04:28, 19 March 2021 (UTC) At the conclusion of his academic career, Stein went on to work under Max Bergmann.

Late life and death
William H. Stein and his wife traveled around the world and hosted many prominent scientists in their own home in New York City throughout his scientific career. In addition to Stein’s long-term professorship at Rockefeller Institute, he served as a visiting professor to the University of Chicago in 1961 and Harvard University in 1964. --Bayerite (talk) 04:59, 19 March 2021 (UTC) Stein also lectured at the Washington University in St. Louis and Haverford College.

In 1969, Stein suffered from sudden paralysis, diagnosed as Guillain-Barré syndrome, after developing a fever several days prior during a symposium in Copenhagen. Despite remaining quadriplegic the rest of his life, Stein’s colleagues alleged that his spirit and sense of humor endured. He continued to be a guiding presence at the Rockefeller University to his younger colleagues and their work on the study of RNase. At the age of sixty-eight, Stein experienced unexpected heart failure. William H. Stein died 2 February 1980 in New York City. --Bayerite (talk) 04:41, 15 March 2021 (UTC)

Early Work
Following the completion of his formal education, Stein became a researcher under Max Bergmann at Rockefeller University, where much of his most important work was done. Stanford Moore joined Bergmann's lab in 1939, where he and Stein began research focusing on amino acids. According to Moore, "During the early years of our cooperation, Stein and I worked out a system of collaboration that lasted for a lifetime."

Their work in this area was disrupted with the beginning of World War II and they temporarily parted ways to aid the war efforts, Stein staying with Bergmann to research the molecular scale effect of blister agents on the human body. --Cmatvc (talk) 20:43, 14 March 2021 (UTC) They began collaborating again, however, after Bergmann passed away in 1944 and they were given an opportunity by the Director of the Rockefeller Institute, Herbert S. Gasser, to continue Bergmann’s work in amino acids. --Cmatvc (talk) 08:21, 2 April 2021 (UTC)

Chromatography
Howard and Stein developed a method to quantify and separate amino acids with column chromatography, using potato starch as the stationary phase. They began testing other methods of separation to reduce the analysis time, such as ion exchange chromatography, as it took two weeks to analyze one protein using their current method. Ion exchange chromatography reduced the time to 5 days during initial experiments, and eventually Stein and Moore whittled the process down even further with the help of Daryl Spackman, which resulted in the first automatic amino acid analyzer. --Cmatvc (talk) 10:05, 2 April 2021 (UTC). Along with their well-known work in protein sequences, this automatic amino acid analyzer was also utilized in Stein’s study of amino acids in human urine and blood plasma. --Cmatvc (talk) 00:40, 7 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Things to include, still:
 * automatic amino acid analyzer lead to invention of photoelectric drop-counting fraction collector

'' In 1958, Stein and Moore developed the first automated amino acid analyzer, which facilitated the determination of protein sequences. ''

Determination of Protein Sequences
With their success in improving the analysis time for amino acids, Stein and Moore began to determine the structure of an entire protein molecule, specifically bovine ribonuclease, in the early 1950s. --Cmatvc (talk) 09:51, 2 April 2021 (UTC) Stein and Moore determined the entire sequence of ribonuclease by 1960, using X-ray analysis to determine the active site of the nuclease. Stein won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1972 with Christian Boehmer Anfinsen and Stanford Moore, for their work on ribonuclease and "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the ribonuclease molecule."

Awards
William H. Stein received a number of awards for his contributions to the biochemical field, including:


 * American Chemical Society Award in Chromatography and Electrophoresis (1964) with Stanford Moore


 * Richards Medal of the American Chemical Society (1972) with Stanford Moore


 * Kaj Linderstrøm-Lang Award, Copenhagen (1972) with Stanford Moore


 * The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1972) with Stanford Moore and Christian B. Anfinsen

Honors
William H. Stein received numerous honors from Columbia University and the Albert Einstein Collage of Medicine of Yeshiva University, including: D.Sc. honoris causa, Columbia University (1973), D.Sc. honoris causa, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University (1973), and the Award of Excellence Medal, Columbia University Graduate Faculty and Alumni Association (1973).

Scientific Societies
William H. Stein was a member of several scientific societies, including the: National Academy of Sciences (elected to membership in 1960), American Academy of Arts and Sciences (elected to membership in 1960), American Society of Biological Chemists, Biochemical Society of London, American Chemical Society, American Association for the Advancement of Science, and Harvey Society of New York.