User:Cmcgrath1111/Sport psychology

Original:

 * 1) One of the most interesting domains of research is athletes' performance. Athletic performance can be measured by self-report or objective data (e.g. player/team statistics). Currently the preference of many scholars is toward the use of self-reports or combination of subjective and objective measurements, due to the complex nature of athletic performance. For example, Athlete's Subjective Performance Scale (ASPS) has been developed and validated with objective data (player's statistics), and found to be a reliable tool for assessing athletic performance in team sports.
 * 2) Youth sport refers to organized sports programs for children less than 18 years old. Researchers in this area focus on the benefits or drawbacks of youth sport participation and how parents impact their children's experiences of sporting activities. In this day and age, more and more youth are being influenced by what they see on TV from their sport idols. For that reason it is not rare to see a seven-year-old play acting in a game of soccer because they are being socially influenced by what they are seeing on TV.
 * 3) ADD TO "RECOVERY FROM INJURY"
 * 4) ADD TO "BURNOUT"
 * 5) ADD TO "COMMON AREAS OF STUDY"
 * 6) ADD TO "PRE PERFORMANCE ROUTINES"
 * 7) ADD TO "IDENTITY BEYOND SPORTS"
 * 8) Below are some of the more common techniques or skills sport psychologists teach to athletes for improving their performance.

Edits:

 * 1) Sport psychology remains influential to athletic performance at all levels. Athletic performance can be measured by self-report or objective data (e.g. player/team statistics). Scholars currently prefer the use of self-reports or a combination of subjective and objective measurements, due to the many factors which go into athletic performance. Being mentally prepared has proven to help athlete's performance, however research has shown that elite athletes and coaches will be hesitant to seek out help from a sport psychologist even if they believed it could help. There are multiple key reccomendations for mental practice which improve sport performance, such as practicing imagery and increasing mental and physical repetitions.
 * 2) Youth sport refers to organized sports programs for children less than 18 years old. Researchers in this area focus on the benefits or drawbacks of youth sport participation and how parents impact their children's experiences of sporting activities. There are multiple factors as to why youth sport is studied when researching sport psychology, such as life skills, burnout, parenting behavior and coach's behavior. These factors influence whether athlete's in youth sport are affected mentally, whether that be a positive or a negative.
 * 3) Injury among athletes has also been proven to negatively impact their mental health. Especially with elite athletes who's job is to play a certain sport, there is a proven negative mental impact to having an injury and not being able to play the sport. There has been limited research in the past on how athletes deal with the burden of getting injured and not being able to play their sport, however the recent research which has been done has shown that injury has caused athletes to have worsening mental health such as depression and anxiety.
 * 4) Coaches and athletes are also very dependent on not only results, but each other. If athletes believe that they are not being pushed, or the opposite, being pushed too hard, burnout is very possible and the drive to continue playing lowers. Also, because athletes are always striving to get to that next level in a sport, once an athlete reaches that level, it is shown that these athletes are more prone to becoming complacent and not feel the need to work as hard, or burning out. This can also happen to coaches at any level. The repetitions which coaches face and similarly to athletes, once they get to the highest level and win at the highest level, they are more prone to burning out because there is nothing in the sport which they have not achieved.
 * 5) Self-esteem is the confidence someone has in themselves and their abilities. This is why sport and physical activity as a whole has been proven to provide positive mental health benefits, such as more confidence and higher self-esteem. When athletes succeed in sport, they are more confident in their abilities and their self-worth as a result. Sport can also work inversely with self-esteem and cause athletes to feel worse about themselves. If someone is playing poorly then it is possible the athlete will end up thinking less of themselves and having lower self-worth. Playing sports in general, and doing some form of physical activity already immediately makes people think of themselves as more than which is shown by research.
 * 6) Pre performance routines allow an athletes mind to relax and go back to something which they know to calm them down. This has resulted in lowering athlete's anxiety and increase their self-belief, which as a result will increase athletic performance because of the lowered anxiety and stress prior to the actual event. For example, when a batter in baseball is up to bat, a lot of the athletes will re-grip their batting gloves, and take a couple of practice swings, not because they need the practice, but because that routine is familiar and will allow them to clear their mind and relax their anxiety.
 * 7) Having a strong athletic identity can have a very positive impact on athletes during their athletic career as this allows them to focus solely on their career and bettering themselves. When athletes who have a very strong athletic identity get injured and are sidelined away from the game, it can lead to anxiety, stress and depression because these athletes do not know who they are outside of the game they have been playing. This is the same with athletes who have retired and not known what to do because there whole lives have been about sports. Inversely, athletes can be optomistic about their future post-sports because they will have time to do activities which they never have been able to do before.
 * 8) Below are some of the more common techniques or skills sport psychologists teach to athletes for improving their performance and along with their mental health.

References:

 * Gee, Chris J. "How Does Sport Psychology Actually Improve Athletic Performance? A Framework to Facilitate Athletes' and Coaches' Understanding". Behavior Modification. 34 (5): 386–402. doi:10.1177/0145445510383525. ISSN 0145-4455.
 * Suinn, Richard M. "Mental practice in sport psychology: Where have we been, where do we go?". Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 4 (3): 189–207. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1997.tb00109.x. ISSN 1468-2850.
 * Evans, Lynne; Hardy, Lew (1995-09-01). "Sport Injury and Grief Responses: A Review". Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 17 (3): 227–245.doi:10.1123/jsep.17.3.227. ISSN 1543-2904.
 * Brewer, Britton W. (2007-01-19). "Psychology of Sport Injury Rehabilitation". Handbook of Sport Psychology: 404–424. doi:10.1002/9781118270011.ch18.
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 * Graydon, Jan (1997), "Self-confidence and Self-esteem in Physical Education and Sport", Researching Women and Sport, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 68–79, ISBN 978-0-333-64231-3, retrieved 2022-08-09
 * Edwards, David J.; Edwards, Stephen D.; Basson, Clive J. (2004-02-01). "Psychological Well - Being and Physical Self-Esteem in Sport and Exercise". International Journal of Mental Health Promotion. 6 (1): 25–32. doi:10.1080/14623730.2004.9721921. ISSN 1462-3730.
 * Hazell, Jonathan; Cotterill, Stewart T.; Hill, Denise M. (2014-08-18). "An exploration of pre-performance routines, self-efficacy, anxiety and performance in semi-professional soccer". European Journal of Sport Science. 14 (6): 603–610. doi:10.1080/17461391.2014.888484. ISSN 1746-1391. PMID 24559097.
 * Sanders, George; Stevinson, Clare (2017-11-26). "Associations between retirement reasons, chronic pain, athletic identity, and depressive symptoms among former professional footballers". European Journal of Sport Science. 17 (10): 1311–1318. doi:10.1080/17461391.2017.1371795. ISSN 1746-1391. PMID 28911275.