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Geographical terms


Europe: Europe polar stereographic Caucasus Urals boundary.svg prevalent definition of Europe as a geographical term has been in use since the mid-19th century. Europe is taken to be bounded by large bodies of water to the north, west and south; Europe's limits to the far east are usually taken to be the Urals, the Ural River, and the Caspian Sea; to the southeast, including the Caucasus Mountains, the Black Sea and the waterways connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea.

Islands are generally grouped with the nearest continental landmass, hence Iceland is generally considered to be part of Europe, while the nearby island of Greenland is usually assigned to North America. Nevertheless, there are some exceptions based on sociopolitical and cultural differences. Cyprus is closest to Anatolia (or Asia Minor), but is usually considered part of Europe both culturally and politically and is a member state of the EU. Malta was considered an island of North Africa for centuries. Europe (British English): Continental-Europe-map.png"Europe" as used specifically in British English may also refer to Continental Europe exclusively.

Political terms
Common Market: EU Single Market.svg The Common Market is an informal term that was used to refer to the original European Economic Community (EEC). In general, a common market is a trade policy that aims to eliminate trade barriers among participating countries as a precursor to the realisation of a single market. In Europe, a common market was created with the formation of the EEC in 1957, but a single market was not achieved until 1992-1993 with the foundation of the European Union.

European Economic Area (EEA): European Economic Area members.svg The European Economic Area (EEA) is the area which incorporates states that have signed up to the EEA Agreement. It was established in 1994. Membership is open to member states of either the European Union (EU) or European Free Trade Association (EFTA). The EEA currently has 31 members, including all 28 EU member states and three of the four EFTA member states.

EFTA states which are party to the EEA Agreement can participate in the European Single Market without being members of the EU. In general, EEA members adopt certain EU rules (four freedoms free movement of persons, goods, services and capital), but have exclusions (such as laws regarding agriculture and fisheries).

European Free Trade Association (EFTA): Europe-EFTA.svg The European Free Trade Association was formed in 1960 as an alternative trade bloc for seven European states, known as the Outer Seven, that were unable or unwilling to join the European Economic Community (EEC). Additional member states have since joined, while several other states caesed to be EFTA members when they joined the EEC or the EU. Today EFTA has four members and operates in parallel with the much larger European Union (EU). All EFTA member states participate in the European Single Market but are not party to the European Union Customs Union.

European Economic Community (EEC): Expansion of the European Communities 1973-1992.png The European Economic Community (1957-1992) was a regional organisation which was created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957. It was formed with the aim of bringing about economic integration, including a common market and customs union, among its member states. Originally founded with six member states gradually expanding to 12 members by 1986. In 1993, the EEC was renamed as the European Community (EC) and incorporated into the European Union (EU) as one of the Three pillars of the European Union.

In 2009, under the Treaty of Lisbon, the EC's institutions were absorbed into the EU's wider framework and the European Community ceased to exist as an entity.

European Community (EC): Expansion of the European Communities 1973-1992.pngXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

European Union (EU): European Union.svg In 1993, a complete single market was achieved, known as the internal market, which allowed for the free movement of goods, capital, services, and people within the EEC. In 1994, the internal market was formalised by the EEA agreement. This agreement also extended the internal market to include most of the member states of the European Free Trade Association, forming the European Economic Area covering 15 countries.

Single Market: EU Single Market.svg A single market requires the free movement of goods, people, capital and services (see The EU common market and Internal market). the realization of a single market was only achieved in 1992-1993

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