User:Cndedi/sandbox

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Cndedi Personal health record A personal health record, or PHR, is an individual’s record of health-related information that can be drawn from multiple sources while being managed, shared and controlled by the individual (Kahn, Aulakh, & Bosworth, 2009). The PHR may or may not include information from the electronic health record (EHR) that is maintained by the health care provider (Jones, Shipman, Plaut, & Shelden, 2010). The intention of a PHR is to provide a complete and accurate summary of an individual's medical history which is accessible online. The health data on a PHR might include patient-reported outcome data, lab results, data from devices such as wireless electronic weighing scales or collected passively from a smartphone. Contents [hide] •	1 Definition •	2 PHR Benefits •	3 PHR Architecture •	4 PHR Solution Types o	4.1 Paper-based PHRs o	4.2 Electronic device-based PHRs o	4.3 Web-based PHR Solutions •	5 EHRs, PHRs, Patient Portals and UHRs •	6 PHRs and public health •	7 Barriers to Adoption •	8 Privacy and Ethical Concerns •	9 See also •	10 References •	11 Bibliography •	12 External links

[edit] Definition The term “personal health record” is not new. The earliest mention of the term was in an article indexed by PubMed dated June 1978,[2] and even earlier in 1956 reference is made to a personal health log.[3] However, most scientific articles written about PHRs have been published since 2000. The term "PHR" has been applied to both paper-based and computerized systems; current usage usually implies an electronic application used to collect and store health data. In recent years, several formal definitions of the term have been proposed by various organizations.[4][5][6] It is important to note that PHRs are not the same as electronic health records (EHRs). The latter are software systems designed for use by health care providers. Like the data recorded in paper-based medical records, the data in EHRs are legally mandated notes on the care provided by clinicians to patients. There is no legal mandate that compels a consumer or patient to store her personal health information in a PHR. PHRs can contain a diverse range of data, including but not limited to: •	allergies and adverse drug reactions •	chronic diseases •	family history •	illnesses and hospitalizations •	imaging reports (e.g. X-ray) •	laboratory test results •	medications and dosing •	surgeries and other procedures •	vaccinations •	and Observations of Daily Living (ODLs) Three different types of PHRs exist; tethered, standalone, and interconnected. Tethered PHRs are maintained by the health care provider and the patient has access to some data in the EMR. An example of a tethered PHR is MyChart by Epic Systems. Standalone PHRs are created by the individual from software or web-based tools and maintained by the patient and/or there family. An example of standalone PHR is Google Health. Interconnected PHRs are currently being developed and would allow access of patient information bidirectional across multiple venues. This type of PHR would have the advantage of incorporating information from multiple sources into one PHR, the challenge of the interconnected PHR is maintaining security and privacy. (Oftedahl & Marshall, 2010)  There are two methods by which data can arrive in a PHR.[1] A patient may enter it directly, either by typing into fields or uploading/transmitting data from a file or another website. The second is when the PHR is tethered to an electronic health record, which automatically updates the PHR. Not all PHRs have the same capabilities, and individual PHRs may support one or all of these methods.[1] In addition to storing an individual's personal health information, some PHRs provide added-value services such as drug-drug interaction checking, electronic messaging between patients and providers, managing appointments, and reminders.[7] References Jones, D. A., Shipman, J. P., Plaut, D. A., & Shelden, C. R. (2010). Characteristics of personal health records:Findings of the medical library association/national library of medicine joint electronic personal health record task force. Journal of Medical Library Association, 98(3), 243-249. doi:10.3163/1536-5050.98.3.013 Kahn, J. S., Aulakh, V., & Bosworth, A. (2009). What it takes:Characteristics of the ideal personal health record. HEALTH AFFAIRS, 28, 369-376. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.28.2.369 Oftedahl, G., & Marshall, M. (2010). . The future of personal health records: A summary of a roundtable discussion, 93(7),. doi:10.1186/1472-6947-8-45