User:Coin945/Almanach royal

 Frontispiece of the Almanach Royal, 1735 Frontispiece Of The Royal Almanac, 1735

The Royal Almanac is a French administrative directory founded in 1683 by the bookseller Laurent d'Houry, which appeared under this title from 1700 to 1792, and under other titles until 1919.

He presented each year in the official order of precedence, the list of members of the royal family of France, the princes of blood, and the main body of the kingdom, great crown officers, senior clerics, abbots of large abbeys (with income of each abbey), marshals of France, colonels and generals, ambassadors and consuls of France, presidents of the main courts, state councilors, bankers, etc.. He Presented EACH year in The Official Order of Precedence, The List of members of the royal family of France, The Prince of Blood, And The Kingdom Of The main body, great crown officers, senior cleric, Abbot of broad Abbey (With Incomes of EACH abbey), marshals of France, colonels and general officers, ambassadors and consuls of France, Presidents Of The short hand, state councilors, bankers, etc. ..

Despite the fact that he could present indigestible because of the many lists that he was composed, he enjoyed a wide circulation with a readership consisting primarily of financial, political and all persons who had an interest in knowing the administrative organization of France. Despite The Fact That he could "present indigestible lists Because Of The Many That He Was Composed, he enjoyed a wide readership Traffic With A Primarily consisting of financial, politique and all persons Who Had an interest in" knowing The administrative organization of France.

Although his edition is due to the initiative of a private publisher, included in the lists of the Almanac was a royal official and abuse were therefore punished. Although historical edition is Due To The initiative of a private publisher, included in The List Of The Almanac Was a royal and official abuses Were Therefor punished. Thus, a Poitevin, Pierre Joly, was interned at the Bastille in the late eighteenth century to have usurped the banking profession by being registered as such in the Almanach Royal [Library 1]. Malthus, a Poitevin, Pierre Joly, WAS INTERNES In The Bastille At The End Of The Eighteenth Century To Have The banking profession usurped by Being registered as Such In The Royal Almanac [Library 1].

His edition was regular format in-8 o with a leather binder editor adorned with a sprinkling of fleur de lys gold. His edition WAS in regular format in-8 o editor With A leather binder Adorned With A sprinkling of fleur de lis gold. Summary Summary [Hide]

* 1 History of the History of the Almanac an Almanac O 1.1 Based upon the request of King 1.1 Based On The request of King o 1.2 1.2 Statement of Affirmation of a monopoly monopoly o 1.3 A family of hegemony 131 years of family 1.3 hegemony 131 Years + 1.3.1 The Directorate of Andre Breton 1.3.1 The Directorate of Andre Breton 1.3.2 + 1.3.2 French Revolution French Revolution + 1.3.3 Last Generation Last Generation Houry Houry 1.3.3 Ø 1.4 Stopping the Stop Publishing Edition 1.4 * 2 A 2 A content development content development o 2.1 The headings of the Almanac 2.1 The headings of The Almanac o 2.2 Chronology of 237 years of publishing Almanacs 2.2 Chronology of 237 Years of publishing Almanacs * 3 Publication 3 Publication o 3.1 Collection of information 3.1 Information Gathering 3.1.1 + 3.1.1 Typography Typography Good + 3.1.2 to 3.1.2 Well-to shoot-shoot o 3.2 3.2 Printing Printing 3.2.1 + 3.2.1 Draw Draw 3.2.2 + 3.2.2 Binding Binding + 3.2.3 Distribution 3.2.3 Distribution o 3.3 3.3 Readership Readership o 3.4 Competition 3.4 Competition * 4 Examples of information contained in the Almanac 4 Examples of Information Contained In The Almanac o 4.1 The cost of building in Paris 4.1 The cost of construction in Paris o 4.2 4.2 The official ceremonies ceremonies o 4.3 Transport 4.3 Transport o 4.4 The Company King's Guards Pumps 4.4 The Company's guards Roy Pumps * 5 5 Considerations Considerations bibliophile bibliophiles o 5.1 5.1 Availability Availability o 5.2 Notes 5.2 Notes readers handwritten handwritten readers * 6 Notes and References 6 Notes and References o 6.1 Notes 6.1 Notes o 6.2 References 6.2 References * 7 7 Bibliography Bibliography o 7.1 Bibliographic References 7.1 Bibliographic References o 7.2 References 7.2 References * 8 See also 8 See also o 8.1 Article 8.1 Article Ø 8.2 8.2 External Links External Links

[Edit] History of the Almanac [edit] History of the Almanac [Edit] Founded at the request of King [edit] Founded At The request of King Forgetting Forgetting of 1716 of 1716

Laurent d'Houry imagines a calendar or Almanac in 1683. Laurent d'Houry imagine a calendar or Almanac 1683. The first edition contained only a few pages with a calendar and omens for the coming year. The first edition only a few "Contained pages with a calendar and omens for The Coming Year. The last edition in this form, in 1699, already shows some lists that foreshadow the upcoming Royal Almanac. The last edition in this form, in 1699, lists Already SHOW SOME That foreshadow upcoming The Royal Almanac. Thus we find lists of counselors of state with their ordinary homes, the commissioners of the Board, auditors general and stewards of finances, the Chancellor, archbishops and bishops of France, universities, and the list of major exhibitions, sessions of the courts of Paris and the log of the Palace, and finally addresses the messengers and items indicating the day of departure [Note 1]. THUS WE find lists of counselors of state With Their ordinary homes, The Commissioners Of The Board, Auditor General and stewards of Finance, The Chancellor, Archbishop and Bishops of France, University, & the list of major exhibitions, sessions of the Courts of Paris And The log of the Palace, and finally addresses The Messengers and the Day of items informal & informal departure [Note 1].

In 1699, Louis XIV asked him what the author describes in detail his work. In 1699, Louis XIV Asked HIM What the author Describes His Work in detail. Here as his widow explains these beginnings [Note 2]: Here have Explains His widow thesis beginnings [Note 2]:

"Louis XIV, who wanted this glorious memory Almanac, made him ask the author, who had the honor to present to Her Majesty's what induced him to give the title of Royal Almanac, & to make it his principal occupation of this work. "Louis XIV, Who wanted this glorious memory Almanac, made HIM Ask the author, Who Had the Honor to present to Her Majesty's What induced HIM to Give the title of Royal Almanac, & to make it His main occupation of this work." "

The same year Louis Tribouillet, chaplain of the king and canon of Meaux, publishes its State of France [Note 3]. La même année Tribouillet Louis, chaplain and canon of the King of Meaux, publisher icts State of France [Note 3]. This book describes in detail the functioning of the Court of the King, all his ministers, the treatments they receive, the various expenses of the state, clergy, etc.. Describes in this book details The fonctionnement Of The Court Of The King, all His Ministers, The Treatment THEY RECEIVE, The Various dépenses Of The State, clergyman, etc. ..

The first edition of the Almanac Royal appears in 1700 in conjunction with another book, Calendar of the Court of John Colombat, one of the printers of the King. The first edition of The Almanac Royal Appears in 1700, at the Same Time as Another book, Calendar Of The Court of Colombat John, One of the printers of the King. Parisians have a choice between three books with similar content: the Almanach Royal Houry, Calendar of the Court of Colombat and the State of France Tribouillet. Parisians Have A Choice Between Three books with similar content: the Royal Houry Almanac, Calendar Of The Court of Colombat and the State of France Tribouillet. At that time, the yard around Louis XIV is highly stratified [Library 2] and since the expansion of Versailles in 1684, it continues to grow [Library 3]. At That Time, The Yard around Louis XIV IS Highly stratified [Library 2] and Since The expansion of the Palace of Versailles in 1684, it continued to grow [Library 3]. In this context, recognition of peers is a valuable asset "if someone has just placed a new post is an overflow of praise in its favor during the floods and the Chapel (...) but c is that while envy and jealousy talk like adulation [Library 4]. In this context, recognition of peers Is A Valuable Asset "if Someone just has Placed a new post Is an overflow of praise in icts Favor" during the floods and the Chapel (...) c Is That goal while envy and jealousy talk like adulation [Library 4]... One can understand the need to maintain directories so that everyone can follow the evolution of all these people [Library 5]. One Can Understand The Need to Maintain directories so That Everyone Can Follow the evolution thesis of all people [Library 5]. The multiplicity of these publications so says the king's will want to "officially" referencing his courtiers to charges created to keep his side in Versailles and entertain jealousies towards each others. The multiplicity of thesis publications so says the king's Will want to "Officially" referencing historical loads to brokers Created to keep Beside HIM at Versailles, and Maintain the Jealous Of Each Other.

Even if the king gave his approval, publishing such a book is not without risk. Even if The King Gave His approval "Such A book publishing is Not Without Risk. In December 1708, Laurent d'Houry is being prosecuted for having established a printing press in his house and forced to sell its equipment two months later [Library 6]. In December 1708, Laurent d'Houry IS HAVING ESTABLISHED Being prosecuted for printing press in a historical house and Forced to sell equipment icts Two Months Later [Library 6]. Then in February 1716 [Ref 1], he was imprisoned in the Bastille on complaint of the Earl of Stairs [Ref 2], the British Ambassador [Ref 3], "for being disrespectful in his almanac, the King George by not naming him not as king of England, or rather from Great Britain [Library 7], and mentioned as King's son Jacques II Stuart, exiled to St. Germain. Then, in February 1716 [Ref 1] He Was Imprisoned In The Bastille is plainte of the Earl of Stairs [Ref 2], the British Ambassador [Ref 3], "to be disrespectful in history almanac, the King George by not naming HIM have not king of England, gold Rather from Great Britain [Library 7], and The King did his mention of Jacques II Stuart, exiled to St. Germain. [Edit] Affirmation of a monopoly [edit] Statement of Monopoly has

Frontispiece of the abstract of the Almanach Royal, 1776 Frontispiece of The Abstract Of The Royal Almanac, 1776

The Almanac and the Royal Court Calendar coexist peacefully for ten years and a lot of money to their authors, but from 1710, Laurent d'Houry integrates more and more topics like the book Colombat [ Biblio 8]. The Almanac & the Royal Court Calendar Peacefully coexist for Ten Years and a Lot of Money to Their Authors, goal from 1710, Laurent d'Houry Integrates more and more topics like The Book Colombat [Library 8]. The abscess broke out in 1717 when Houry Almanac releases its Abstract that will follow the format of the Calendar of the Court and simultaneously filing a lawsuit against its competitor [Library 9]. The abscess broke out in 1717 When Houry Almanac releases icts Abstract That Will Follow The Format Of The Calendar Of The Court and simultaneously filing a lawsuit Against icts competitor [Library 9]. A Judgement of Solomon is made: it is now forbidden to Houry continue the publication of its abstract and to counterfeit the Court Calendar, Colombat is obliged to freeze its calendar format and forbidden 'expand content [Library 9]. A Judgement of Solomon forfaitaire: if It Is Allowed to Houry now continues to the Publication of abstract icts and to counterfeit the Courts Calendar Colombat IS Obliged to freeze icts calendar format and forbidden 'expand content [Library 9]. This stops any changes in the calendar of the Court, leaving the way open to the Almanac. This Stop any exchange in The Calendar Of The Court, Leaving the way open to The Almanac.

Upon the death of Laurent Houry in 1725, his family is destitute [Library 10]. Upon the death of Laurent Houry in 1725, family history IS destitute [Library 10]. Revenues from sales of the Almanac are not sufficient to cover expenses of printing and bookselling. Revenues from sales of The Almanac Are Not Sufficient to cover printing and bookselling dépenses of. In these circumstances, his widow, Elizabeth Dubois, took over the business. In These Circumstances, history widow, Elizabeth Dubois, Took over-the business. Their son Charles-Maurice, who had hitherto been a mere proofreader of the Almanac, is trying to evict her mother and she is suing cons [Library 11]. Their sound Charles-Maurice, WHO HAD Hitherto Been A Mother Of The proofreader Almanac, IS Trying to evict and Her Mother She Is Suing cons [Library 11]. It prepares the edition of 1726 but a ruling forbade him to publish it in his name alone. It prepared the Edit view of a 1726 ruling forbade HIM to publish it in His Name alone. The ruling of December 11, 1726 even forbade him to disturb the affairs of his mother and to participate directly or indirectly to the development of the Almanac. The ruling of 11 December 1726 forbid Even disturb The Affairs of His Mother and to Participate Directly or Indirectly To The Development Of The Almanac. That is why Charles-Maurice is listed as editor of the Almanac on the edition of 1726. That Is Why Charles-Maurice IS listed as editor of The Almanac On The edition of 1726.

In 1731, she filed a new lawsuit against Colombat which increased its schedule despite the prohibition of 1717 [Library 12]. In 1731, she has new lawsuit Filed Against Colombat Which Increased The STC schedule despite prohibition of 1717 [Library 12]. Unsuccessful, she resumed the publication of the Abstract and Colombat complaint in turn, she then accepts to abandon the publication of the Abstract "if returned to Colombat format from 1718 [Library 13]. Unsuccessful, she Resumed The publication of the Abstract and in turn Colombat plainte, Then she accepts to abandon the Publication of the Abstract "if Returned to Colombat format from 1718 [Library 13]." The disputes have become extinct with the death of the parties. "The disputes Have Become Extinct With The Death of the parties.

The privilege of the Almanac is about to expire, Charles-Maurice d'Houry tries one last time to seize it, but a royal letter of 27 March 1744 confirmed definitively André-François Le Breton as solely entitled [ Library 14]. The Almanac Of The Privilege Is About to Expire, Charles-Maurice d'Houry tries one last time to sixteen it, drank a royal letter of 27 March 1744 Confirmed definitively André-François Le Breton did Solely Entitled [Library 14]. [Edit] A family of hegemony 131 years [edit] A family of hegemony 131 Years [Edit] Directorate of André Le Breton [edit] Directorate of André Le Breton Main article: André Le Breton. Main article: André Le Breton.

In 1728, the widow of his grandson, Houry combines son François-André Le Breton, who was 18 years old and an orphan under the guardianship of Charles-Maurice d'Houry [Library 15]. In 1728, The Widow of His grandson, Houry his tricks André-François Le Breton, Who Was 18 years old and year orphan "under the guardianship of Charles-Maurice d'Houry [Library 15]. Andrew Francis had inherited, according to the will of the estate of Lawrence Houry, half of the rights of the Almanac, and his widow, the rest [Library 11]. Andrew Francis inherited HAD, According To The Will Of The estate of Lawrence Houry, half of The Rights of The Almanac, And His widow, The Rest [Library 11].

Under his leadership, the Almanac takes a new breath and adds new sections, which sometimes does not go without punishment. Under His leadership, The Almanac Takes a new breath and adds new sections, Which Sometimes Does not Go Without Punishment. For example, in 1768, he has trouble with Voltaire, who sent him a letter incendiary [Ref 4] For example, in 1768, he has trouble with Voltaire, Who feel him / her a letter incendiary [Ref 4]:

"I say as much to Le Breton, the Almanach royal printer: I'll pay him Almanac point that sold me this year. "I have Much to say Le Breton, The Almanac royal printer: I'll pay HIM Almanac point That sold me this year. He had the rudeness to say ... Mr. President, Mr. Councillor ... remains in the cul-de-sac to Menard, in the cul-de-sac of the White Coats, in the cul-de-sac de l'Orangerie. He Had the rudeness to Say That Mr. President ... Mr. . ... advisor, Remains In The cul-de-sac to Menard, In The cul-de-sac of the White Coats in the ass-de-sac de l'Orangerie. (...) How can we say that remains a serious president in a cul? (...) How Can You Say That Remains Chairman in a serious ass? ""

In 1773, Le Breton moved his print shop in a wing of the former Hotel d'Alegre, at 13 rue de Hautefeuille, he acquired William Louis Joly de Fleury and was previously occupied by Ambassador Portugal [Note 4]. In 1773, Le Breton Moved history print shop in a Wings of the form of Alegre Hotel, at 13 rue de Hautefeuille he Acquired William Louis Joly de Fleury and WAS Previously Occupied by Portugal Ambassador [Note 4].

In the late eighteenth century, the weather is bad and bad wheat harvests. In the late Eighteenth Century, The Weather is bad and bad wheat harvest. The price of this staple increases disproportionately. The price of this staple increaser disproportionately. Recently, a rumor that the government would have the monopoly wheat, thus perpetuating the high cost of food. Recently, a rumor thats the Government Would Have The monopoly wheat, perpetuating Malthus The High Cost of Food. This rumor became official when accidentally in his edition of 1774, Le Breton added a "Treasurer's grain account of the King" in the person of Sr. Mirlavaud. When this rumor Became official edition of history Accidentally In 1774, Le Breton Added a "grain Treasurer's account of the King" in the person of Sr. Mirlavaud. The edition of the Almanac had yet been proofread and approved by the Chancellor, but was still sentenced to close his shop for 3 months and publish a revised edition, without the line in question [Ref 5], [Note 5]. The edition of The Almanac HAD and proofread yet Been Approved By The Chancellor, goal WAS stills history Sentenced to close shop for 3 months and publish a revised edition, Without the line in question [Ref 5], [Note 5].

In 1777, Le Breton was again accused of inserting information deemed subversive [Ref 6]. In 1777, Le Breton WAS again accusé of Inserting Information Deemed subversive [Ref 6]. It has, according to its critics, cited "the Floral & Pranks Vergès & Vaucresson, among the prosecutors and attorneys general of the Parliament of Paris, who had been involved in a reform of parliament made by Maupeou against the venality of Parliament, commissioned by Louis XV, Louis XVI but annulled. It has, According to ITS Critics, Cited "the Floral & Pranks Vergès & Vaucresson Among the Prosecutors and attorneys general of The Parliament of Paris, WHO HAD Been Involved in a Reform of Parliament made by Maupeou Against the venality of Parliament Desired by Louis XV, goal annulled by Louis XVI. In rebuke, Le Breton was sentenced to "card" section on the Almanacs that had not yet been sold [Note 6], and free replacement of the Almanac of those who contested his upon request. "In rebuke, Le Breton WAS Sentenced to" cardboard "The Almanac That section is not yet HAD Been sold [Note 6], and replacement cost, after The Almanac of Those Who so request it."

He died October 4, 1779 [Note 7] and his cousin, Charles-Laurent Houry, son of Charles-Maurice d'Houry, took over the business. He Died on 4 October 1779 [Footnote 7] And His cousin, Charles Lawrence Houry, Son Of Charles-Maurice d'Houry, Took over-the business. [Edit] French Revolution [edit] French Revolution Genealogy Family booksellers printers Houry Family genealogy booksellers printers-Houry

The privilege granted to the family of Houry for the Almanac was threatened in 1789 when Camille Desmoulins, in his speech at the Lantern to the Parisians, says it will cease in favor of Baldwin, another Parisian publisher [Ref 7]. The Privilege Granted to Houry for The Family of The Almanac in 1789 has been "Threatened When Camille Desmoulins, In His speech at the Lantern To The Parisians, Says It Will Cease in Favor of Baldwin, Another Parisian publisher [Ref 7]. This threat has not been brought into effect since the Almanac remained in Houry. This Threat has not Been Brought Into Effect Since The Almanac Remained in Houry. Looking at the publications of the time [Note 8], we can nevertheless see that Baldwin got the impressions of the National Assembly and other organs of state. Looking at the publications of the Time [Footnote 8], we can nevertheless see That Baldwin got the Impressions of the National Assembly and Other organs of state. [Edit] Last generation Houry [edit] Last generation Houry

Following the death of Joan Nera, widow of Laurent-Charles Houry, the Almanac is echoed by Jean-François-Noël Debure, husband of Anne-Charlotte d'Houry, their daughter. The Death of Joan followings Nera, widow of Lawrence Charles Houry, The Almanac IS echoed by Jean-François-Noël Debure, husband of Anne-Charlotte d'Houry, Their daughter. Debure is from a prominent and wealthy family of Parisian booksellers, especially combined with the Didot family. Debure IS from a prominent and wealthy family of Parisian booksellers, Especially With The Didot family combined. It is a printer since 1784 with the title of Duke of Orleans printer [Library 16] It Is A sincere printer 1784 printer's With The title Duke of Orleans [Library 16]

Debure takes time printing of the family of Houry, but his other business is in trouble and he is forced to file for bankruptcy [Biblio 17], [Library 18]. Debure Takes Time printing of The Family of Houry, goal history Other Business is in trouble and He Is Forced to file for bankruptcy [Library 17] [Library 18]. To keep the property inherited from his family, Anne-Charlotte d'Houry hires a separation procedure. To Keep the property inherited from family history, Anne-Charlotte d'Houry hires a separation procedure. In November 1791, the bankruptcy is declared and it is opposed to the creditors to preserve his legacy, and this opposition is futile and a ruling allows creditors to seize his furniture, but that does not appear to have been necessary because a subsequent decision allows him to recover property that creditors have not taken her husband. In November 1791, The IS Declared bankruptcy and It Is Opposed to The Creditors to preserve historical legacy, and this opposition is futile and a ruling to allow Creditors sixteen historical furniture, but thats to APPEAR Does not Have Been Necessary Because to subsequent decision to allow HIM Creditors to recover property have-nots That Her Husband taken.

Francois-Jean-Noel Debure dies in 1802 in the Loiret. Francois-Jean-Noel Debure Loiret dies in 1802. However, it is focused died since 1795 from various sources. However, It Is Focused Through 1795 Died from Various sources. Maybe it was just left without leaving an address [Note 9]. Maybe It Was Just Left Without Leaving year address [Note 9].

Stephen Lawrence Testu worked as a clerk in the family home Debure since 1788, and had gradually won the confidence of the household [Library 17]. Stephen Lawrence Testu WORKED as a clerk in the Family home Debure Since 1788, HAD and gradually won The Confidence Of The Household [Library 17]. Because of the absence of Mr. Debure, Anne-Charlotte is alone with his two son. Because Of The absence of Mr. Debure, Anne-Charlotte Is Alone With His Two sound. Despite their age difference, he is 20 years younger than she, she married in July 1795 Testu [Library 17]. Despite Their age difference, He Is 20 Years Younger Than she, she married Testu July 1795 [Library 17]. Testu few highlights its knowledge in the profession to convince him to transfer the management of printing [Library 17]. Testu few "highlights icts KM In The HIM profession to transfer to Convince The Management of printing [Library 17]. She agreed in 1797 and offered him a bonus rights of the Almanac in exchange for a perpetual annuity of 800 francs [Biblio 17], then she completely abandons the Almanac [Library 17]. It accepts Offered in 1797 and HIM priority over The Rights of The Almanac in exchange for a perpetual annuity of 800 francs [Biblio 17], Then She Completely drop The Almanac [Library 17]. This influx of money [Footnote 10] seems to turn the head Testu who play games and learn to enjoy the easy life, neglects the direction of its establishment and constantly running out of money, he contracted many loans that gradually ruining his business [Library 17]. This influx of money [Footnote 10] Seems To Turn the head Testu Who Play games and learn to enjoy the easy life, neglecta The establishment and management of STIs Constantly running out of money, he contracted Many loans That gradually ruining business history [17 Library ]. Relations were strained with his wife because he left the marital home in September 1801 [Library 17] and the only ties that bind the couple are now linked to multiple trials they s'intentent. With relations strained history Were wife Because He left The marital home in September 1801 [Library 17] and the only Ties That Bind The couple are now linked to multiple trials THEY s'intentent.

In 1810 Testu secretly sold the rights of the Almanac in which he partnered with Guyot [Library 19]. In 1810, Testu Secretly sold The Rights of The Almanac in Which he partnered With Guyot [Library 19]. Anne-Charlotte d'Houry opposes this sale she saw as a usurpation, but loses the case in 1812 [Library 19]. Anne-Charlotte d'Houry opposed this dirty she saw as a usurpation, goal Loses The Case in 1812 [Library 19]. She gets in return a pension of 1 200 francs Testu does not pay. She gets in return a pension of 1200 francs Testu Does Not Pay. Indeed, a ruling in 1820 declared the debtor more than 90 000 francs [Library 19] ... In 1814, due to the large sums invested by Guyot in the case, an order confirming the owner of the Almanac, a copy of this order is also printed at the end of the following books [Ref 8]. Indeed, a decree of 1820 declared The Debtors More Than 90 000 francs [Library 19] ... In 1814, due to The Large Sums Invested In The Box by Guyot, year order Confirming The owner of The Almanac, a copy of this order est aussi printed at The End of the followings books [Ref 8]. Testu still gets Guyot repayment of its debts and an annuity of 2,400 francs [Library 19]. Testu stills gets Guyot repayment of Debt and icts year annuity of 2.400 francs [Library 19].

Guyot dismisses Testu business in 1820 and continues even to pay his annuity [Library 19]. Guyot Orders Testu business in 1820 and continued to pay Even historical annuity [Library 19]. The latter, again running out of money turns against his wife in 1823, requires it reaches your home and it pays all household expenses, or alternatively, that she pays rent of 6000 francs [Library 19]. "Latter, again running out of money in 1823 Turned Against His wife, calls it Reach the marital home and she pays all Household Expenses, or Alternatively, That She rent of 6,000 francs countries [Library 19]. Judges déboutent Testu the marital home, since he himself had deserted 22 years earlier [Footnote 11] and has no housing to offer his wife even though she already lives in a very beautiful [Footnote 12] but still require his wife, yet very rich, to pay him a pension of 1,800 francs by invoking the solidarity between spouses [Note 13]. Judges déboutent Testu The marital home, he himself "sincere HAD deserted 22 years Earlier [Footnote 11] and has no housing to offer His wife Already Even Though she lives in a very beautiful [Footnote 12] But Still require His wife, yet very rich, to pay him / her a pension of 1.800 francs by Invoking The Solidarity Between spouses [Note 13].

The hegemony of the family of Houry on the Almanac created in 1683 has finally ceased in 1814 when, by order, the company is transferred to the association Guyot-Testu. The hegemony of the Family On The Almanac of Houry Established in 1683 has finally Ceased in 1814 When, by order, The Company IS Transferred To The association Guyot-Testu. Anne-Charlotte d'Houry died July 22, 1828 [Library 16] aged about 83 years. Anne-Charlotte d'Houry Died July 22, 1828 [Library 16] Aged about 83 Years. [Edit] Judgement of publishing [edit] Judgement of publishing

In 1867, edition of the Almanac is transferred to the widow Berger-Levrault, who had already published the Yearbook of the French empire diplomatic, and military Yearbook of the French empire, both published as the Almanac according to documents provided by the administration [Ref 9]. In 1867, edition of The Almanac IS Transferred To The widow Berger-Levrault, WHO HAD Already published The Yearbook of the French empire, diplomacy, military and Yearbook of the French empire, Both have published The Almanac According To Documents Provided By The Body [Ref 9].

The edition of the Almanac stops definitively in 1919 after four years of interruption due to war, the latter number includes the years 1915 to 1919. The edition of The Almanac stops definitively in 1919 after Four Years of interruption due to war, "latter number includes The Years 1915 to 1919. Not found in the literature the reasons that prompted the shutdown of publication, but it can be assumed that the combination of very large volume of the book (more than 1650 pages in 1900) and the hard times that the Economics and French policy at that time was to make the management of such a volume of information extremely complex and unprofitable for the publisher. The literature not found in the Reasons That Prompted The shutdown of publication, it aims Can Be ASSUMED thats the combination of very large volume of the Book (More than 1650 pages in 1900) & the hard times thats the Economics and French policy at That Time WAS to make The Management of Such A volume of information Extremely complex and unprofitable for the publisher. It is also possible that the new government formed after elections in 1919 no longer supported the development of the Almanac. It est aussi possible thats the new Government after elections Formed in 1919 No Longer Supported The Development Of The Almanac. [Edit] A content in evolution [edit] Changing Content [Edit] Topics in the Almanac [edit] The topics in The Almanac

The Almanac or Calendar, as he was called in its early editions, was just a simple calendar which were associated topics on astronomical events, the days of fairs, the newspaper of the Palace, the residence of messengers The departure of the mails, the price of currencies and the list of collectors' offices. The Almanac or Calendar, as He Was Called icts in early editions, WAS just a simple calendar Which Were associated topics on astronomical events, the Days of Fairies, The Newspaper of the Palace, residence of The Messengers The departure of the Mail, The Price of currencies & the list of collectors' offices. After his presentation to the king in 1699, many items are constantly being added including the clergy, the royal family of France, then the families of other sovereign nations, officers, ambassadors, etc.. After historical presentation to the King in 1699, Many items are Constantly Being Added Including The Clergy, the royal family of France, Then The Other families of sovereign nations, officers, ambassadors, etc. ..

In 1705, Houry added to the list of knights of the Holy Spirit and peers and marshals of France. In 1705, Houry Added to the list of knights of the Holy Spirit and peer and marshal of France. In 1707, is the state of the clergy and, in 1712, the birth of kings, princes and princesses of Europe. In 1707, it Is the state of the clergyman and, in 1712, The Birth of kings, princes and princesses of Europe. After the death of Louis XIV, the Duke of Orleans, became Regent, is added to the list of members of the royal family of the members of the House of Orleans [Library 20]. After the death of Louis XIV, the Duke of Orleans, Became The Regent, IS Added to the list of members of the royal family Of The members of the House of Orleans [Library 20]. Later, he put more of his own, the full house of the Queen and princes [Library 21]. Later, he put more of His Own, The Full House of the Queen and princes [Library 21].

It is not possible to describe all items contained in an almanac as there, so the contents of 1780 covers ten pages: It Is not possible to describe all items in year almanac Contained There have, so The Content of 1780 covers ten pages: Contents of 1780 Almanac 1780 Almanac of Contents Almanach1780-tdm-645.png 646.png Almanach1780-tdm-Almanach1780-tdm-647.png 648.png Almanach1780-tdm-Almanach1780-tdm-649.png Almanach1780-tdm-650.png 651.png Almanach1780-tdm-Almanach1780-tdm-652.png 653.png Almanach1780-tdm-Almanach1780-tdm-654.png Click on a thumbnail to enlarge Click thumbnail to enlarge it was

The Almanac also stands abreast of scientific advances. The Almanac aussi stands abreast of Scientific Advances. In the middle of the eighteenth century, improving the accuracy of clocks and many wealthy fans begin to observe and study the stars. In the Middle of the Eighteenth Century, Improving the Accuracy of Clocks And Many wealthy fans begin to observe and study the stars. It is indispensable to know precisely the difference between true solar time sundial, and mean solar time clocks, especially since the advent of clocks seconds. It Is essential to Know the Difference Between Precisely true solar time of sundials, and mean solar time clocks, Especially Since The advent of second clocks. This is the equation of the pendulum, also called the equation of time, the table is added shortly before 1750 [note 14]. This Is The Equation Of The Pendulum, aussi Called The Equation of Time, The table is shortly Added Before 1750 [note 14].

With the French Revolution, the Almanac exchange of title and its content is modified to match the new institutions. With The French Revolution, The Almanac exchange of title and Its Content is modified to match The new institutions.

The abolition of all distinctions requires overhaul the topics, timing of the vulgar era is replaced by the Republican calendar, the place reserved for kings and princes of Europe is replaced by a note on the friendly powers of France, the administrative organs of royal power are replaced by new ministries. [Library 20] The abolition of all distinctions Requires overhaul The topics, timing Of The vulgar era IS Replaced By The Republican calendar, the place reserved for kings and princes of Europe IS Replaced by a note on the friendly Powers of France, The administrative organs of royal power are Replaced by new Ministries. [Library 20]

The content changes again with the reforms of the Consulate and the Empire, the Restoration, the Hundred Days, the July Monarchy, Second Republic followed by the Second Empire and the Third Republic who sees the end of the edition of Almanac. The content exchange again With The Reform of the Consulate and the Empire, The Restoration, The Hundred Days, The July Monarchy, The Second Republic Followed The Second Empire and the Third Republic Who Sees The End of the edition of Almanac. Each time, the binders are the livery of times. In EACH case, The bindings are Supplied With The Times.

As the number of entries is increasing, the number of pages follows the same trend: they numbered one hundred in 1699, nearly five-hundred in 1760, and seven-hundred just before the French Revolution. 'As the number of entries Increasing IS, The Number of pages Follow the Saami trend: They numbered One Hundred in 1699, Nearly five-hundred in 1760, and seven-hundred just Before the French Revolution. The course of a thousand pages is reached in 1840, exceeding 1000-6 Hundred in 1900 [Note 15]. The race of a thousand pages in 1840 to IS taken over 1000-6 Hundred in 1900 [Note 15]. On average, about thirty names are listed per page [Note 16], the total number of people or places listed annually in the tens of thousands, but no table patronymic does quickly find a particular name. One average, about thirty names are listed per page [Footnote 16] The total number of people or places listed Annually In The tens of Thousands, no table to find a patronymic Quickly Does Particular name.

All changes in the Almanac makes it a very useful book for historians [Note 17] which may follow, year after year, ministries and other administrative bodies, movements of people in these offices, and retail organization public services to a resident of Paris (such as places of mailboxes, times and prices check marks and royal messengers). All In The exchange Almanac Makes it a Very useful book for Historians [Footnote 17] That May follow, year after year, ministers and Other Administrative Bodies, Movements of people in contention offices, and retail services to a public organization resident of Paris (Such have places of mailboxes, Timetables and fares for ticks and royal messengers). [Edit] Chronology of the 237 years of publishing Almanacs [edit] Chronology Of The 237 Years of publishing Almanacs

After the death of Laurent Houry, his descendants continued his work until 1814. After the death of Laurent Houry, work history history descendants Continued Until 1814. The edition was continued until 1919. The edition WAS Continued Until 1919. It would be tedious to describe in words the evolution of the Almanac of the 237 years that have elapsed since the first edition by Laurent d'Houry in 1683, hence the choice of this table layout. It Would Be tedious to describe in words The Evolution of The Almanac Of The 237 Years That Have Elapsed Since The first edition by Laurent d'Houry in 1683, hence this table The Choice of layout.

Throughout its existence, the Almanac has crossed 11 schemes political editor changed the title 14 times and 9 times. THROUGHOUT ITS existence, The Almanac has crossed 11 schemes politique le titre editor changed 14 times and 9 times. [Expand] Chronological table of the Chronological Table of the Almanac Almanac Plan Plan Date Date Title Title Editor Publisher Comments Comments 1683 1683 1699 1699 Louis XIV Louis XIV Laurent d'Houry Laurent d'Houry Almanac or Calendar Almanac Calendar Gold Very Rare Very rare 1700 1700 1725 1725 Louis XIV Louis XIV The Regent The Regent Louis XV Louis XV Royal Royal Almanac Almanac 1726 1726 1726 1726 Louis XV Louis XV's widow Widow Houry Houry and Charles-Maurice d'Houry, and his son Charles-Maurice d'Houry, its history 1727 1727 1745 1745 Widow to Widow Houry Houry 1746 1746 1750 1750 Widow to Widow Houry Houry and Andre Le Breton, his grand-son and Andre Le Breton, his grand history 1751 1751 1779 1779 Louis XV Louis XV Louis XVI Louis XVI André Breton André Breton The year 1774 was published twice, one with reference to the "Treasurer of grains in King's account, Sr Mirlavaud" on page 553, one without. The year 1774 has-been published Twice, one with references to the "Treasurer of grain in King's account, Sr Mirlavaud" on page 553, One Without. The year 1777 was revised in February and some copies were "cardboard" on pages 574, 576 and 577. The year 1777 WAS revised in February and Some Were copies "cardboard" on pages 574, 576 and 577. 1780 1780 1786 1786 Louis XVI Louis XVI Laurent-Charles Houry, Laurent-Charles d'Houry son of Charles-Maurice d'Houry sound of Charles-Maurice d'Houry 1787 1787 1790 1790 Widow of Houry, widow of Charles Lawrence, Houry widow, widow of Lawrence Charles associated with Francois-Jean-Noel Debure, his son Francois-Associated with Jean-Noel Debure, its history 1791 1791 Widow Widow of Houry Houry Contains frontispiece a map of France with its first 83 departments Contains frontispiece a map of France With icts first 83 Departments 1792 1792 First Republic First Republic Testu Stephen Lawrence, Stephen Lawrence Testu, son of Laurent-Charles of his Houry Houry of Laurent-Charles 1793 1793 1804 1804 Almanach national de France France National Almanac of Year II to Year XII. Year II to Year XII. Year IV is extremely rare, and mostly in very poor condition [Library 21]. Year IV IS Extremely rare and in very poor condition Mostly [Library 21]. The almanac for the year VIII was sold with an additional 96 pages that had to be purchased separately [Ref 10], all bound volumes do not necessarily contain and contains 650 pages while. The Almanac for the Year VIII WAS sold With An Additional 96 pages That Had To Be Purchased separately [Ref 10], all bound volumes do not Necessarily Contain and contains 650 pages while. 1805 1805 1809 1809 First Empire First Empire Imperial Imperial Almanac Almanac An XIII for 1805. XIII Year for 1805. 1810 1810 1813 1813 Stephen Lawrence Stephen Lawrence Testu & Co. & Co. Testu 1814 1814 1819 1819 First First Restoration Restoration Hundred Days Hundred Days Second Second Restoration Restoration Royal Royal Almanac Almanac The years 1814 and 1815 are combined into a single volume. The Years 1814 and 1815 are combined Into a single volume. Few copies of this double volume contain a supplement that describes the administration of the Hundred Days, which gives them invaluable [Library 21]. Few copies of this double volume contains to supplement That Describes The Administration of Hundred Days, Which Gives Them invaluable [Library 21]. 1820 1820 1824 1824 Second Second Restoration Restoration July Monarchy July Monarchy M.-P. M.-P. Guyot Guyot 1825 1825 1830 1830 A. A. Guyot Guyot & & Scribe Scribe 1831 1831 1847 1847 National Almanac and Almanac Royal and Royal National 1848 1848 1852 1852 Second Republic Second Republic National Almanac, a directory of the French Republic Almanac national directory of Danemark The years 1848 and 1849 are published with the book The Years 1848 to 1850 and 1849 are published With The directory of 1850 1853 1853 1866 1866 Second Empire Second Empire Imperial Imperial Almanac Almanac 1867 1867 1870 1870 Veuve Berger-Levrault son and Berger-Levrault widow and son 1871 1871 1919 1919 Third Republic Third Republic Berger-Levrault & Co. Berger-Levrault & Co. National Almanac, official directory of the French National Almanac, official directory of Danemark The ephemeris ceases to be printed after 1874. The ephemeris Cease To Be printed after 1874. The years 1915 to 1919 are published in one volume. The Years 1915 to 1919 are published in one volume. [Edit] Publication [edit] Publication [Edit] Collecting information [edit] Collecting information

Since its inception in 1700, following a royal demand, the Almanac invented by Laurent d'Houry aims to be an official handbook. Since its inception in 1700, Following to Royal Demand, The Almanac Invented by Laurent d'Houry AIMS To Be an Official Handbook.

Until the French Revolution, contributors are cordially invited to provide information to the bookseller, as pointed note of the printer in the first pages of the Almanac. Until the French Revolution, contributors are cordially Invited to Provide Information To The bookseller, as notes of The Printer Pointed In The first pages of The Almanac. In 1771, for example, we read in the Journal History of the Revolution that the Bar Association in the person of a certain Gerbier, asserted that "there would be no change in the order of the table, and that it would be printed in the Almanac as Royal was last year, leaving out only the dead [Ref 11]. In 1771, for example, WE read in the Journal History of the Revolution That the Bar Association in the Person of a certain Gerbier, Asserted That "There Would Be No change in The Order of the table, and That It Would Be Printed in the Almanac've Royal WAS last year, Leaving out only the dead [Ref 11]. ""

With the French Revolution, the order was given to government to provide all information to the publisher. With The French Revolution, WAS entender Given to Government to Provide all information to the publisher. In 1802 Testu gets even exclusivity [Library 22]. In 1802, gets Testu Even Exclusivity [Library 22].

Later, the collection of information for the Almanac is even part of the operating budget of the ministries and can be seen in order of December 31, 1844 signed by Louis-Philippe I "on the organization of the Ministry Administration Navy "Article 6 of which list the items in the budget" the formation of the Royal Almanac [Ref 12]. Later, The Collection of Information for the IS Almanac Even Part of the Operating Budget Of The Ministries and Can Be Seen in order of December 31, 1844 Signed by Louis-Philippe I "on the organism Ministry Administration Of The Navy" Article 6 of Which The item list In The Budget "the formation of the Royal Almanac [Ref 12]. [Edit] Typography [edit] Typography Abuse typographic effects, 1850 Abuse typographic effects, 1850

The print quality improves significantly when Laurent d'Houry became printer. The Print Quality Improvement Significantly When Laurent d'Houry Became printer. It multiplies the headbands and the cul-de-lights to decorate and titles for sections. It multiplied the bands and tail-lights to decorate and titles for sections. The Almanac is still very poor prints because the image is not its goal. The Almanac Is Still very poor prints image Because The Goal Is Not icts. Only that the reader can find are patterns explaining the oppositions of the planets and eclipses are present every year, and the map of the departments of France for the 1791 and 1792 editions. Thats the only reader Cdn find Explaining the patterns are oppositions of the planets and eclipses are present Every Year, and the map of France Departments of editions of 1791 and 1792.

Despite the short time to prepare the book, the printer treats the presentation and uses in the case of many variations in size and shape of characters for easy reading of long lists, special characters to emphasize certain lines, compositions tables or columns and clusters in braces. Despite The Short time to prepare the Book, The Printer uses and treats The Presentation In The Box of Many variations in size and shape of characters for easy reading of long lists, special characters to Emphasize certain lines, composition tables and columns or clusters in braces.

That Le Breton, grand son of Laurent Houry, who brings more to the book. That Le Breton, great sound of Laurent Houry, Who Brings More To The Book. It increases greatly and restructures the Almanac, and also improves its presentation in order to preserve readability. Greatly increaser it restructures and The Almanac, And Also Improves icts presentation in order to preserve readability. Many notes are added to guide the reader and help in understanding the operation of certain administrative bodies. Many notes are Added to guide and help in The Reader Understanding the operation of certain administrative bodysuits.

The Almanacs modern nineteenth-century advantage of technological advances. The Nineteenth-Century Almanacs modern Advantage of Technological Advances. Cartoon characters are modernized and the use of varied fonts to graphics multiplies, sometimes to excess: we can count at least 7 fonts in 11 different fonts on the cover page of the National Almanac of 1850 printed by Guyot et Scribe! Cartoon characters are Modernized & the use of fonts to graphics customizable multiply 'is sometimes to excess: We can count at least 7 in 11 fonts fonts Differ On the cover page of the 1850 National Almanac printed by Guyot et Scribe!

Ads, advertising ancestors, are introduced by the publisher Berger-Levrault in the late nineteenth century. Announcements, the Ancestors of advertising, are Introduced by the publisher Berger-Levrault In The Late Nineteenth Century. [Edit] Well-to-pull [edit] Well-to-shoot Shells in the table of contents, 1706 Shells In The table of contents, 1706

The deadline for submitting this information to the editor is set to "first ten days of October (or November) [Note 18]. The deadline for Submitting this information to the editor IS set to "first ten days of October (or November) [Note 18]. The last-minute changes are incorporated in an erratum end of the book. The last-minute changes are Incorporated Erratum in year end of the Book. When they are too large, they may even delay the release [Ref 13]. When They are too large, They May Events Delay The Release [Ref 13]. In late December, an event is sent to administration for approving the content [Note 19]. In late December, a year event IS feels To The Administration for Approving The Content [Note 19]. This approval is required before the sale. This IS required approval "Before The Sale.

It leaves only two months to integrate the information of the year in the text of the previous edition and call all of the pages before submitting the book for the right to shoot. It only leaves Two Months to integrate The information of the Year in The Text Of The previous edition and call all the Pages of The Book Before Submitting For the right to shoot. The editing step, at least for the test in 1706, has not been done with great care as we can see from the numerous typos and mistakes that have crept into the table of contents presented in thumbnail to the right. The editing step, at least pour la test in 1706, has not Been Done With great care As Can Be seen by shells and very Many Mistakes Which Have Crept Into the table of contents in thumbnail Presented to The Right.

Once the administrative agreement obtained, it is inserted end of the book, the Almanac is stapled or bound and is then distributed to customers at the end of the year [Ref 13]. The administrative agreement ounce Obtained, It Is inserted end of the Book, The Almanac IS stapled or bound Then am and is Distributed to Customers At The End of the Year [Ref 13]. [Edit] Printing [edit] Printing

Early Almanacs were not printed by Laurent d'Houry. Early Almanacs sept printed by Laurent d'Houry. The Almanac of 1706 and is printed by Jacques Vincent, installed Huchette street, at the sign of the Angel [Note 20]. The Almanac of 1706 am and is printed by Jacques Vincent, installed Huchette street, at The Sign of the Angel [Note 20]. On November 15, 1712 [Library 23] Laurent Houry became printer and immediately began printing his work. November 15, 1712 [Library 23], Laurent Houry Became Began Immediately printer and printing work history. Then all the almanacs will be printed by their publishers. Then all The Almanac Will Be Their printed by publishers. [Edit] Draw [edit] Draw

There is no source that explains the draw of the Almanac. There Is No source That Explains The Draw Of The Almanac. The only figures available are the annual rents generated by sales. The only figures available are The Annual ent generated by sales.

In 1782, Mercier said a pension of more than 40 000 francs [Note 21]. Diderot, in the same time, puts the figure at 30,000 pounds [Ref 14]. In 1782, Mercier Said More Than a pension of 40,000 francs [Note 21]. Diderot, At The Same Time, puts The figure at 30.000 pounds [Ref 14]. For a price of sale of 5 to 6 pounds, the draw must necessarily be greater than about 7500 almanacs. For a price of sale of 5 to 6 pounds, The Draw Necessarily Must Be Greater Than 7500 about almanacs.

Around 1820, during the trials that have brought the widow and Debure Testu, income of the Almanac was estimated between 25 and 30 000 francs [Ref 15]. Around 1820, "during the trials That Have Brought The Widow and Debure Testu, Income Of The Almanac WAS Estimated Between 25 and 30 000 francs [Ref 15]. In 1834, another almanac, the Almanac of France, said that its cost is 35 cents for a sale price of 50 cents [Ref 16]. In 1834, Another Almanac, The Almanac of France, Said That IS ITS cost 35 cents for a sale price of 50 cents [Ref 16]. Booksellers then purchase the item at prices of 38 cents, to resell a suggested retail price of 50 cents. Booksellers Then purchase The item at price of 38 cents, to resell a Suggested retail price of 50 cents. The publisher earns so 3 cents per pound sold, the bookseller earns 12 (minus shipping costs, dependent). The publisher EARNS N 3 cents per pound sold, The Bookseller EARNS 12 (minus shipping costs, dependent). If one considers - arbitrarily - a four Almanac is sold directly into the library Testu (priced at 10 francs 50) the remainder being passed through intermediaries, we can prorate that to generate an annual income of 30 000 francs Testu must sell approximately 25 000. If one considered - arbitrarily - a furnace Almanac IS sold Directly Into the library Testu (priced at 10 francs 50) The Remainder Being Passed-through intermediates, we can prorate That year to generate Annual Income of 30,000 francs Testu must sell Approximately 25 000.

In the absence of more precise information, we can only estimate at about 15,000, the number of copies sold per year between the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. In the absence of more precise information, we can only estimate at about 15,000, The Number of copies sold per year Between the late Eighteenth and early Nineteenth Century. [Edit] Binding [edit] Binding Binding of printer, printer Binding of 1738 Almanac, Almanac of 1738

The almanac is sold either stapled or bound by the printer. The almanac IS sold Either By The stapled or bound printer. The paperback version allows the purchaser to connect his book as he wishes, and so he can find books with bindings very ornate, with lace, weapons of families, many colors brightened or gilt [Library 24], etc.. The paperback version allow to connect The Purchase history book as he wishes, and so it IS possible to find Books with very ornate bindings, With lace, weapons of families, Many Colors brightened gold gilt [Library 24], etc. ..

The bound version provided by the printer is usually presented in a bound in calf or morocco, full, and lilies in the boxes back. With the revolution, the lilies are replaced with Phrygian caps cockade [Library 25]. [Edit] Distribution [edit] Distribution

The Almanac is normally available from the bookseller, but it can also be found in the province in other bookstores that serve as intermediaries, for example in 1816, at Pesche, bookseller at Le Mans [Ref 17], or by mail by means of the Sorbonne as did Voltaire [Ref 18]. [Edit] Readership

The Almanac has a very great interest because of the number of subjects it addresses the organization of the French administration. In 1785, Mairobert wrote that "the Almanach Royal is in the hands of everyone and is among the Princes, the King's office, the foreign ministers would cater [Ref 19]. Louis-Sebastien Mercier in a pamphlet, the Tableau de Paris that stands in 1782 [Ref 20] explains that "Those who are thrown into the paths of ambition, study Almanac Royal with serious attention," "more of a beautiful royal consult the almanac to see if her lover is a lieutenant or sergeant, ...", that "everyone is buying this almanac to find out exactly where they stand. "And finally" even Fontenelle said, that it was the book which contained the greatest truths. ""

Adages use the almanac as a reference. According to Jean-François de La Harpe is "the only book to read to get rich is the Royal Almanac [Ref 21], Jean-Joseph Regnault-Warin uses the phrase" having the memory of a Royal Almanac [Ref 22], or the Memoirs of the Academy of hawkers [Ref 23] explain that "it is enough to read the Almanac for education. ""

In the eyes of justice, the book can be used as a basis for comparison: during a police investigation in 1824 [Ref 24], an accused defends himself by explaining that the volume of documents he was accused of having carried "could be equal to that of a royal Almanac almanac or a related trade."

Whether to have a certain level of resources to purchase this item, the customer extended beyond the financial and political world. [Edit] Competition

The Royal Almanac is competing at its inception with the Almanac of the Court of Colombat who can not make it evolve since 1717. In fact, bibliographers consider that the Royal Almanac is one of the "oldest and most useful [Ref 25]. If it essentially describes the royal court and the Parisian institutions, other major cities also have their almanacs, such as the city of Lyon equally large [Ref 26]. The Almanac is however considered a reference book. In 1780, a notice of a bookseller named Desnos inserted at the end of the Gazette of the courts [Ref 27] provides for 8 pounds to "the statesman, letters, and generally all persons attached to the service of King (...) the Almanach Royal, Calendar of the Court, said Colombat, Strennas-Mignon [Note 22], [Ref 28], the State Military [Footnote 23] the four connected units, with shelves & stylus to write, which makes the closure ": the Royal Almanac ranks first in the collection.

* The Calendar of the Court

Since 1717, the Calendar of the Court can not change, its sections are limited to an ephemeris of the celestial motions (30 years) increased by astronomical tables with sky conditions, and timing of the court to the family and royal house, lists of boards, departments and secretaries of state finances, births and deaths of kings, queens, princes and princesses of Europe, the knights of various orders, the archbishops and bishops of the kingdom and Cardinals of the "Sacred College."

It is mainly sought for his almanac of celestial movements and the tables of astronomical events [note 24], [Ref 29].

* The Almanac of Commerce

The Almanac of Business, published by Sébastien Bottin in the eighteenth century contains, besides the addresses of shops in Paris, many useful statistics financiers. It is supplementary to the Almanach royal, which concerns only the French administration.

* The State of France

Some have criticized the Almanach Royal of being a plagiarism of the State of France, another administrative directory, the first publication seems to have been made in 1619 and is still published in the middle of the eighteenth century [Ref 30 ]. However, the edition of 1736 of the State of France said it was a "periodical whose audience has applied for renewal from time to time, and had been published until 1699, 1702, 1708, 1712, 1718 and 1727 [Ref 31]. The latest editions of 1727 and 1736 five volumes contain over 500 pages each. The offices are described in detail previously [Footnote 25] State of France and a companion volume of the Almanach royal use by those who wish to deepen their knowledge on the functioning of the French administration . [Edit] Examples of information contained in the Almanac Example of a page of the Almanac (1720)

Further details concerning the organization of the administration of the French state, and persons who occupied positions, many other topics are discussed in the Almanacs, for example in the eighteenth century: [Edit] The cost of construction in Paris

This section is only found in the Almanacs of the early eighteenth century, and stops just before 1726.

There are prices for masonry, carpentry and joinery, roofing, locksmithing, painting and glazing that are usually in Paris, for example:

"Walls of circular pits, with layers of stone studded with low excess moilon quilted 18 inch thick, 22 pounds fquare fathom, and more in proportion to the depth of the wells, or other difficulties that may encounter. ""

With these data, the historian is able to quantify fully the construction of a building in Paris at that time. [Edit] The official ceremonies

The Almanac explains in great detail some official ceremonies:

* Opening Ceremony of the Annual Courthouse

"The Entry of Parliament is the day after the S. Martin, 12 November, which day Presidents in red dresses holding their furs & Mortar [Note 26], and Messrs Councillors in red robes, after attending the solemn Mass that are usually said by a Bishop in the Grand ' Palace Hall, receive oaths of Lawyers & Counsel. The first president made this day a speech to thank those who celebrated the Mass, which responds to him by another harangue [Note 27]. ""

* Procession of the University, whose description takes three pages of the Almanac [Footnote 28]

"The Rector of the University at the end of its Rector, who regularly is only three months, indicating a general procession which assists the whole body. It is a ceremony that deserves to be seen. We will mark the place here What the doctors take the four faculties [Footnote 29] that make up the University, together Bachelors of these faculties, with the Religious Orders [Note 30]. Procession from the Church of Religious Trinitarians, otherwise known as Maturin.   (...) (...)    The procession is closed by the booksellers, papermakers, bookbinders, Parcherminiers, illuminators, writers swear by the University. ""

The detailed description of the ceremonies to stop mid-eighteenth century to make room for a still more comprehensive directory. A reference is then made towards the end of the book "guides for all kinds of ceremonies to be observed in the receipt of any office or employment whether in dress or in the Sword. "" [Edit] Transport

Transportation of persons is ensured by the coaches, carriages, wagons and other carriages. Found in the Almanac schedules and rates of major roads [Note 31].

In 1715, a passenger wishing to travel from Paris to Caen will go rue Saint-Denis on Monday at six o'clock in the morning. He has previously "sent his clothes the night before early." Fifteen years later, the starting time is advanced to 5 am in summer and in 1750, the departure is 5 hours throughout the year. In 1780, two flights are scheduled Tuesdays and Fridays at 23:30 and the journey takes two days. A van, slower, except Sunday at noon and made the trip in four and a half days in summer and five days in winter. In 1790, transportation is now provided by the General Department of stagecoaches and mail royal France. Three coaches liaise on Tuesday, Thursday and Sunday and the van on Sunday. The departure is now Notre-Dame-des-Victoires.

Rates are rarely reported but in 1725 and 1761 is 18 pounds per person tournaments. He is 21 pounds in 1770 to reach 42 pounds in 1790 (luckily for the traveler, it is stated that the "sleeping bag weighing 10 pounds is" free "). [Edit] The Guards Corps of Roy Pumps

In 1716, the king appoints François Perrier Dumouriez as Director General of public pump to remedy fire, without the audience is obliged to pay anything. In 1722, he founded the Compagnie des Gardes Pumps du Roy, under the direction of the same. This company later became the Brigade firemen of Paris [Note 32].

The Almanac of 1719 lists these pumps and their wardens and deputy wardens. We then learned that a brigade is made up of four guards and four sub-custodians who are responsible for maintaining the material deposited in each district. What became three years later the Society of King's Guards Pumps were not at that time that 41 people, 17 pumps distributed in groups of 8 men and 4 or 3 pumps in the City Hall, the convent of the Grands Augustins The Carmelite convent in the Place Maubert, Convent of Mercy, and the Fathers of Little Place des Victoires, in addition to a pump at the Director General of the pumps, Rue Mazarine. Except Dumouriez guards pumps are not professional fire but shoemakers, carpenters, locksmiths, etc.. [Edit] Considerations bibliophiles [Edit] Availability [edit] Availability

Almanacs are found regularly in auctions and in the antiquarian booksellers. Given their importance documentary and the fact that there are beautiful copies, these books are particularly sought after by historians, writers, bibliophiles and enthusiasts.

Volumes in the first round of the seventeenth century often exceed several thousand dollars [Ref 32], others are generally trading between a few tens and five hundred euros, sometimes more, depending on their rarity, condition and quality of the binding [Note 33]. Just over half are however available for free download on Gallica or Google Books: Synopsis of available online Almanacs [Edit] Notes handwritten readers

Almanacs contain some handwritten notes left by their readers. The value of the book can then be influenced upward or downward depending on the quality and content of these notes, and especially the person who wrote them - when you can identify it. They are usually found on page intentionally left blank for the ephemeris. Some of these notes can provide very interesting information, such as notes written on the page in August 1715 a copy of the BNF. It relates the circumstances of the death of Louis XIV, who was suffering from gangrene [Note 34]: Death of Louis XIV

"We thought the death dez Roy Lundy 25. He marched   better a day or two quoyque hopeless. It It    died after having suffered much and with great    Patience on Sunday September 1, r t is 8 pm Morning    M r le Duc d'Orleans went to Parl t and was declared    Regent on 2. September e "

[Edit] Notes and References [edit] Notes and References [Edit] Notes [edit] Notes

1. ↑ See Almanac 1699 (see below) 2. ↑ See the first pages of the almanacs of 1726 (see below) to the French revolution where this episode is recounted. 3. ↑ The State of France is a directory of the royal court and the French clergy. It contains "all the princes, dukes and peers, marshals of France, the bishops, the courts of the kingdom, the governors of provinces, the three knights King's orders, the names of officers of the Maison du Roy ... . .  4. ↑ The house was razed in 1856 to make way for the Boulevard Saint-Germain. Charles Baudelaire was born April 9, 1821, and Victor Alexis Désiré Dalloz, a lawyer at the court of Cassation and author of Global Directory of case law, lived there in 1824. See Baillière (see below), p. 243-250.   5. ↑ There are two versions of the Almanac of 1774, with and without the "Treasurer of grains in King's account" on page 553.   6. ↑ There are two versions of the edition of 1777, one with the words complained of in pages 574, 576 and 577 (like that available on Gallica), the other without (in fact, the 3 sheets containing such entries were replaced after printing the book with 3 new leaves, the operation is visible by looking at the heel of the leaves). 7. ↑ His widow, born Margaret Vaux, continues to keep the library until his death Oct. 25, 1785, see Baillière (see below). 8. ↑ Doing a literature search from the publisher or Google on Gallica / Books for example. 9. ↑ The chronology of the marriage between Anne-Charlotte d'Houry and Testu, and the death of Debure is curious, indeed Debure died November 6, 1802 at Chateau-Renard (Loiret), but the marriage of his "widow" has been place July 20, 1795 (contract) in Paris. Genealogy Debure however, suggests that the couple divorced in 1792 Debure. 10. ↑ 25 to 30 000 francs for the Almanac, plus 10 to 15 000 francs for the printing industry. 11. ↑ Dalloz (see below) P. 122 mentions by mistake 33 years. 12. ↑ It has 13 and 15 rue Hautefeuille. His son will continue to own the house and printing. In 1849, his grand-son, Charles-Philippe Albert Debure, sells the company Hachette & Co. Today, only 15 remain, although the model Haussmann rebuilt and is occupied by the Fnac and offices, see Baillière (see below). 13. ↑ Though his marriage contract stipulated the separation of property. It's the same reason which had led in 1791 the sale of household furniture to the creditors of her first husband ... 14. ↑ See Almanacs available online at Gallica (see below) and Google Books for this period. The table of the equation of the pendulum and its explanatory notes are inserted just before the calendar. 15. ↑ See Almanacs available online at Gallica and Google Books. Roughly 7 new pages are added each year. 16. ↑ Average noted over a dozen pages of the Almanac of 1750 (see below). 17. ↑ A bookcase, with a nearly complete collection of almanacs royal, was in the hallway leading to offices of the Institute of Modern History by Daniel Roche, in the attic of the Ecole Normale Superieure, rue d ' Ulm. 18. ↑ This is stated on the front pages of some almanacs, such as that of 1735 (see below). 19. ↑ Before the French Revolution, the approval of the Chancellery is inserted at the end of the book. It is dated late December, for example in the almanac of 1735 (see below). 20. ↑ See the end of the "Privilege of the King", inserted at the last page of the almanac of 1706 (see below). 21. ↑ The French term was sometimes used instead of a book. 22. ↑ The cute étrennes appeared from 1724 to 1848. They contained a timetable which were associated with the omens for the coming year. Then followed an astronomical almanac, a list of rulers of European countries, and the list of notable events in the previous year. 23. ↑ The military state is a directory that shows the organization of the French armies. It is complementary to the Almanac royal presents only the military hierarchy. 24. ↑ The Calendar of the Court, also known as the Colombat "also changes with the institutions. In 1807 it was renamed "Calendar of the imperial court, or new Colombat" 25. ↑ For example, on p. 327 (see below), we read how the king's falconer hunting magpies, their names, how they are paid, what budget is allocated for meals and clothes ...  26. ↑ In 1726, it is stated that the mortar "is a large round hat of black velvet, bordered with gold braid."  27. ↑ For example, P. 164-165 Almanac 1735.  28. ↑ For example, P. 298-301 Almanac 1735.  29. ↑ The Faculty of Arts, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Theology and the Faculty of Law.  30. ↑ These are the four mendicant orders, namely the Cordeliers, Augustinians, Carmelites and Dominicans.  31. ↑ The details specified below are from the almanac of 1715, 1725, 1750, 1761, 1770, 1780 and 1790 in the latter part of the works (see their respective tables of contents for exact location). 32. ↑ The information cited below come from the almanac of 1716, 1719 and 1722, in "pump guards' near the end of the book (see table of contents). 33. ↑ Some Almanac Royal were the subject of luxury bindings, plate, lace, mosaics, weapons, etc.. See Galantaris (see below). Indeed, the important figures contained in this directory, senior magistrates and financiers in particular, quickly took the habit to keep their beautiful library copies. Most often, they were connecting with their weapons on the dishes.  34. ↑ The spelling and grammar of the time have been preserved in this quotation and in the following.

[Edit] References [edit] References

1. ↑ Renouard, Augustin Charles Treaty of copyright, in literature, science and fine arts, vol. I, Part 4, by J. Renouard et Cie [read online], p. 226 2. ↑ Aubry, Auguste, bookseller Bulletin, Vol. IX, impr. Aubry, 1861 [read online], p. 167 3. ↑ Raxis Flassan of (de), Gaëtan, General History and rationale of French diplomacy, vol. IV, 2 nd ed. Treuttel home and Wurtz, 1811, p. 479 4. ↑ Voltaire, Condorcet, Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat Complete Works of Voltaire, Vol. 3, Th Desoer, Paris, 1817, p. 547 5. ↑ Coquereau, Jean-Baptiste-Louis, Memoir of Father Earth, its life, its intrigues and fall, vol. I, the Chancellery, 1777 [read online], p. 207 6. ↑ Pidansat of Mairobert, Matthew Francis, The English spy or secret correspondence between Lord and Lord All'eye All'ear, vol. V, J. Adamson, London, 1785 [read online], p. 64 7. ↑ Desmoulins, Camille, Speech of the lantern to the Parisians, at Le son Jay, Paris, 1792 [read online [archive]], p. 37-38 8. ↑ See the last page printed Testu Almanacs (see below), then by Guyot & Scribe (see below) from 1815. 9. ↑ Bibliography of France ["newspaper of general printing and bookselling"], vol. 49th year, 2nd series, No. 17, the circle of the Library, Paris, April 28, 1860 [read online] 10. ↑ typographical and bibliographical Journal, Vol. 4, Year VIII (1799), p. 27 11. ↑ Pindensat of Mairobert, Matthew Francis, Historical Journal of the Revolution [place "in the Constitution of the French monarchy by M. Maupeou, Chancellor of France"], vol. II, London, 1777 [read online], p. 293 12. ↑ Duvergier, JB, Laws, decrees, orders, regulations (1844), vol. 44, Official Publishing, 1845 [read online], p. 734 13. ↑ a and b Béchamon Petit Louis, Memoires secrets pour servir a history of the republic of letters in France since m. dcc. lxii up today at J. Adamson, 1786 [read online], p. 272-277. "January 4. The Almanach royal (...) was not published at the end of December as usual, but the impression is not yet complete & we may despair to enjoy before the 15th of this month. And on January 16 the "Almanac Royal deferred finally appears in the wrong order again, because of the shortness of time, which failed to fully manage all this new chaos. "" 14. ↑ Diderot, Oeuvres de Denis Diderot, vol. I, in J.-L.-J. Briere, 1821 [read online], p. xxiv 15. ↑ Ledru-Rollin, Journal du Palais ["collection is the oldest and most complete of French jurisprudence"], vol. III, ed. F.-F. Patris, 1826 [read online], p. 577 and following 16. ↑ The Almanac of France ["1833 - 1836, 1839"], 1833 [read online], p. 2 17. ↑ Posters, Ads judicial review of the various Le Mans, and the Department of Sarthe ['extract of the Official Gazette "], vol. 1, 1816 [read online], p. 272 18. ↑ Voltaire and Condorcet Caritat, Jean-Antoine-Nicolas, Complete Works of Voltaire ["with notes and a historical note on the life of Voltaire"], vol. XII Furne, 1837 [read online], p. 853  19. ↑ Pidansat of Mairobert, Matthew Francis, The English spy or secret correspondence between Lord and Lord All'eye All'ear, vol. V, J. Adamson, 1785 [read online], p. 64-66  20. ↑ Mercier, Louis-Sebastien Natthey, Jean-Louis; Baup, PH de Montet, Albert, Tableau de Paris, Imprimerie de Natthey and Company, 1782 [read online], p. 9  21. ↑ La Harpe, Jean-Francis High School or Course ancient and modern literature, vol. II, at and. Ledoux, 1820 [read online], p. 203  22. ↑ Regnault-Warin, Jean-Joseph, historical and critical memoirs F.-J. Talma [read online], p. 233 23. ↑ Caylus, Anne-Claude-Philippe, Memoirs of the Academy of hawkers, impr. regular Academy, 1748 [read online], p. 40 24. ↑ Political causes famous nineteenth century, ed. H. Langlois, 1828 [read online], p. 28 25. ↑ Encyclopedia of the people of the world ["universal repertoire of science, literature and the arts, with notes on the main historic families and famous people, dead and alive"] Bookstore Treuttel and Würtz, 1833 [read online ], p. 493 26. ↑ Journal of learned men ["with excerpts of the best newspapers in France and England"], at Marc Michel Rey, 1769 [read online], p. 153 27. ↑ Gazette Courts, periodical work containing the new courts, vol. 10, at Desnos, 1780 28. ↑ Lüsebrink, Hans-Jürgen; Mix, York-Gothart; Mollier, Jean-Yves, readings of people in Europe and the Americas from the seventeenth to the twentieth century, Editions Complexe, 2003 [read online], p. 39 29. ↑ Journal of general literature of France, by Treuttel and Würtz, 1806 [read online], p. 350 30. ↑ Bachelet Dezobry Theodore and Charles, General Dictionary of Arts, Fine Arts and Moral and Political Science, Vol. 1, by Delagrave, 1876, p. 98 31. ↑ Angel, P., Augustin barefoot state of France, in David, William Denis, 1736 [read online], p. v 32. ↑ Christies, Sale No. 5071, Lot No. 7 ["collection Michael Wittock"] sale of November 8, 2004 Almanac or Calendar for the year one thousand six hundred nineteen-quatrevints, sold 4 700 EUR

[Edit] References [edit] Bibliography [Edit] References bibliographic

1. ↑ Manual (see below), p. 57 of the third shipment, which contains the registry entry and exit of prisoners in the Bastille between May 5, 1782 until July 14, 1789. 2. ↑ Lavisse (see below), p. 221-222. 3. ↑ Lavisse (see below), p. 689. 4. ↑ Lavisse (see below), p. 225 5. ↑ Lavisse (see below), p. 690. 6. ↑ Mellot (see below), p. 296. 7. ↑ Manual (see below), p. 62 of the first delivery. 8. ↑ Lepreux (see below), p. 140. 9. ↑ a and b Lepreux (see below), p. 141. 10. ↑ Lepreux (see below), p. 301. 11. ↑ a and b Lepreux (see below), p. 302. 12. ↑ Lepreux (see below), p. 142. 13. ↑ Lepreux (see below), p. 143. 14. ↑ Lepreux (see below), p. 304. 15. ↑ Lepreux (see below), p. 301-302. 16. ↑ a and b Baillière, (see below), p. 247. 17. ↑ a, b, c, d, e, f, g and h Dalloz (see below), p. 121. 18. ↑ Jauffret (see below), p. 210 and following. 19. ↑ a, b, c, d, e and f Dalloz (see below), p. 122. 20. ↑ a and b Grand-Carteret (see below), p. 27. 21. ↑ a, b and c Vitu (see below), p.284-285. 22. ↑ Grand-Carteret (see below), p. 291 23. ↑ Werdet (see below), p. 205. 24. ↑ Galantaris (see below), p. 22 25. ↑ Vitu (see below), p. 282-283.

[Edit] References

There is no book whose subject is the Almanac. For cons, the works cited below include whole passages on the subject. All these books were used in drafting the article.

* Baillière, Henry Street Hautefeuille, its history and its people ["owners and tenants, 1252-1901, contribution to the history of the streets of Paris"], J.-B. Baillière and son, Paris, 1901 [read line], p. 238-250 * Quinquet-Bertrand, Louis-Jacques Bertrand (Paule), Treaty of printing, with the author, Paris, Year VII [read online] * Dalloz, Désiré, Collection of Critical Jurisprudence and Legislation ["Domicile conjugal, husband, req., Household - Sieur Testu C. the lady Debure "], Dalloz, Paris, 1826 [read online], p. 121 * Galantaris, Christian, Manuel du bibliophile, vol. II Ashes, Paris, 1997 22 * Grand-Carteret, John, The French almanacs ["bibliography, iconography almanacs, years, directories, calendars, song books, gifts, states, times, lists, address books, tables, shelves and other annual publications edited in Paris: 1600-1895 "], J. Alis, Paris, 1896 [read online], p. 26-32, 290-291 * Lavisse, Ernest, History of France from its origins to the Revolution. ["Louis XIV: the story of a great reign, 1643-1715. "], Vol. 2, Tallandier, Paris, 1983 [read online] * Jauffret, Louis-François, Gazette of the new courts ["Cause between the lady Debure (...) against the creditors of Mr. Debure"], S.-A. Hugelet, Paris, 1791 [read online], p. 210 * Leper, George, Gallia Typographica ['or, biographical and chronological directory of all the printers in France since the beginning of printing until the revolution], Vol. I, Part 1, Librairie Honoré Champion old, Paris, 1911 [read online], p. 140-144, 298-306 * Manuel, Pierre-Louis Bastille unveiled ["exact copy of a manuscript found in the Bastille by Charpentier"] Desenne, Paris, 1789 [read online], p. 56-57, 62. The author is criticized for its behavior during the French Revolution. But part of his work on records dated from October 1705 to December 1758 has been validated by MM. Berville and Barriere, Memoirs of the Bastille on Linguet and Dusault on July 14 ["with references, notes and historical clarification, 2nd Edition"], in Baldwin brothers, Paris, 1822 [read online], p. Note (1) p. xvi and xvii and p. 464 * Mellot, J.-D., directory of printers and booksellers ["1500-1810"], Editions de la BnF, Paris, 2004 [read online], p. 198-199, 296-297, 521. Work partially accessible, not free of duties. * Vitu, Auguste-Charles-Joseph, Shadows and old walls, Chicken and De-Malassis Broise, Paris, 1859 [read online], p. 277-294 * Werdet, Edmund, History of the Book in France since the earliest times until 1789, vol. 2, Part 3, Adamant Media Corporation, 1859 [read online], p. 205-206, 303-304, 314-317. Work partially accessible, not free of duties.

* The Almanacs are available online at Gallica: o Calendar and Almanac, 1683-1699 [read online] o Royal Almanac, 1700-1792 [read online] o Almanach national de France, 1793-1803 [read online] o Imperial Almanac, 1805-1813 [read online] o Royal Almanac, 1815-1830 [read online] o Almanach royal and national 1831-1847 [read online] o National Almanac, 1848/49/50-1852 [read online] o Imperial Almanac, 1853-1870 [read online] o National Almanac, 1872-1919 [read online]

* The Almanacs are available online on Google / Books (no list available)

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* Nicole Brondel, "The Almanac royal, national, imperial: what truth, what transparency? (1699-1840), in Library of the Ecole des Chartes, 166 / 1, 2008, p. 15-87.

[Edit] External links [edit] External Links

* Directory of the administration of France * Gallica: the site of the Bibliothèque nationale de France * Google / Books: Digital Library Google * Internet Archive / Texts: bibliographic records of Internet * Geneanet: Genealogical Studies