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Annotated Bibliography
Alangar, J. (2012, January 1). Islam and Muslim representation in popular media. University of Illinois Library. Retrieved from https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/35092

This source will help with elaboration on representation of Muslims and Islam in the Daily Illini. This source will allow me to add onto existing sections of the controversies appearing in the Wikipedia article for The Daily Illini. In conjunction with another article, I will be able to provide information from these secondary sources which directly cite information from The Daily Illini surrounding the controversy they discuss, which contributes to their reliability, in addition to being sourced from the University of Illinois Library website.

Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections. Daily Illini 1 January 1874 - Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections. (1874, January 1). Retrieved from https://idnc.library.illinois.edu/?a=d&d=DIL18740101&e=---en-20--1--img-txIN--

This source is the first issue of The Illini, the initial iteration of The Daily Illini. This source will provide context for a section on the history of The Daily Illini and its evolution between 1871 and today. This source is reliable because it is a primary source, an early issue of The Daily Illini.

Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections. Daily Illini 19 September 1907 - Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections. (1907, September 19). Retrieved from https://idnc.library.illinois.edu/?a=d&d=DIL19070919&e=---en-20--1--img-txIN--

This source is the first issue of The Illini which was titled The Daily Illini. This source will provide context for a section on the history of The Daily Illini and its evolution between 1871 and today. This source is reliable because it is a primary source, an issue of the the first publication of The Daily Illini.

Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections. The Student 1 December 1873 - Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections. (1873). Retrieved from https://idnc.library.illinois.edu/?a=d&d=STU18731201-01&e=---en-20--1--img-txIN--

This source is the final issue of The Student, the University of Illinois student newspaper that preceded The Illini, which in turn preceded The Daily Illini. This source will provide context for a section on the history of The Daily Illini and its evolution between 1871 and today. This source is reliable because it is a primary source, an issue of the original version of The Daily Illini.

Simon, R. J., & Carey, J. W. (1966). The Phantom racist. Society, 4(1), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02824317

This source may allow me to add a subsection to the Controversies section of The Daily Illini article. This source addresses an instance of discrimination at the University of Illinois in which The Daily Illini was involved. This source is reliable as it is sourced from a journal article database.

Van Tress, R. (2011, August 1). Daily Illini representation of Muslims and Islam. University of Illinois Library. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/2142/25897

This source will help with elaboration on representation of Muslims and Islam in the Daily Illini. This source will allow me to add onto existing sections of the controversies appearing in the Wikipedia article for The Daily Illini. In conjunction with another article, I will be able to provide information from these secondary sources which directly cite information from The Daily Illini surrounding the controversy they discuss, which contributes to their reliability, in addition to being sourced from the University of Illinois Library website.

The Student
The Daily Illini was preceded by The Student, published as a monthly, beginning with its first issue in November 1871 and concluding with its last issue in December 1873. The first issue of The Student from November 1871 states that the publication was edited by members of the senior class of the Illinois Industrial University, as the University of Illinois was called at the time. In the Salutatory of the first issue, the editors plead with readers to read with a “charitable eye” in regard to any shortcomings of their early issues, such as “inaccuracy” and “dullness”, as well as its visual appearance on account of their inexperience and the desire to improve future issues. Topics covered in the first issue of The Student include Edgar Allan Poe, the study of language, a specific type of caterpillar, color blindness, the training of animals for exhibition purposes, American politics and architecture, as well as other topics in science. Also published in the first issue, an Illinois Central Railroad time table, well wishes for a newly married couple, a plea to readers to financially support the paper, its advertising rates, with one column costing $40 for one year, a list of departments of study at the university, including Mining Engineering, requirements for admission, stating that students must be at least 15 years of age, and various advertisements, including one for a “Manufacturer of Saddles and Harness” in Champaign.

The final issue of The Student was published in December 1873 and was the twenty-third issue of the paper, with more stylization and formatting than its first issue. Topics covered in the final issue of The Student include war and a summary of a university board meeting. The final issue of The Student also mentions uncertainty of the future of the newspaper, citing the potential for it to be run by representatives of the entirety of the student body of the Illinois Industrial University, also referencing a meeting of the General Assembly of Students at which a resolution was passed for The Senate to take over “management and publication of The Student”. A committee was subsequently established to handle the paper and its transition.

The Illini
In January 1874, the month immediately following the final issue of The Student, the first issue of The Illini was published. In its prospectus, the first issue of The Illini references The Student and a desire to uphold its “former interest as a lively, cheerful, home journal”. The prospectus also states the goal of The Illini as being to “fairly represent the University” as well as “the state and progress of literature, science and human industry elsewhere”. In contrast to The Student, The Illini was to be led by a university faculty committee and students originating from different departments within the university. In an editorial in the same first issue of The Illini, “wishing to make it more worthy the institution which fosters it, we transfer it to the student's Senate of the University, believing that the Faculty and students from being more intimately connected with it, will labor more earnestly for its success”. Topics covered in the first issue of The Illini include The Bau-Akademie, an architecture school in Berlin, Germany, the classification of animals in terms of the work of the late Professor Louis Agassiz, statements made at a dedication ceremony for the campuses Adelphic Society, an account of a writer’s dream in which they wished for Ancient History exam answers instead of studying, Natural History, the time the university ran on, and a campus forest tree plantation handled by the Department of Horticulture.

The Daily Illini
The last issue titled The Illini was published In June 1907 and was at this point published daily, except for on Mondays. The following issue, published in September 1907, resuming after publication ended for the summer, was the first to be titled The Daily Illini, without mention of the change in either the June 1907 issue or September 1907 issue. Despite the title change coming in September 1907, The Illini had begun daily publication five years prior, in September 1902. By 1975, The Daily Illini was published daily, except Sunday and Monday during the academic year and daily except Sunday, Monday, and Saturday during the summer.

Representation of Muslims and Islam
In addition to The Daily Illini’s Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoon controversy participation, a series of letters were written to The Daily Illini, and subsequently published within it, in response to events on the Urbana-Champaign campus in 2010 in which depictions of the Prophet Muhammad were drawn in chalk on the Illinois Mosque and Islamic Center, as well as various other places around campus. In their letters to the Daily Illini, various students discuss the value of free speech and free expression, also highlighting how its use can also allow people to harm each other through hurtful words and actions. Staff members of The Daily Illini stated in interviews, including references to Daily Illini editorials, that Muslim students are generalized in that they are usually depicted as a “unified”, but “stagnant” group, only written about at times of heightened relevance, during “Palestinian week or International week”, when Muslim student demonstrations are held on campus, or when religious controversies arise, as was the case with the chalk drawings of the Prophet Muhammad. Further, interviewed staff members reference the fact that hate speech would never be published in The Daily Illini, while some of the letters received in response to the chalk drawings are themselves able to be interpreted as hate speech. Another interviewed staff member states their belief that Islam is depicted without prejudice, while admitting their uncertainty that “the DI has brought to light the issues that have faced Islam and Muslims on campus as well as the paper should or could”.

Statistical analysis conducted on occurrences of the word “Muslim” within The Daily Illini between 2007 and 2010 found that, of the twelve articles analyzed, the majority were in reference to the events of September 11, 2001 as well as the Muslim holiday of Ramadan. A few of the other articles analyzed referenced Muslims and Islam in a context discussing extremism and terrorism, with a 2007 article stating the opinion that “Islam was a religion of violence”. Articles written in 2009 and 2010 discuss extremism and terrorism, but in a context referring to outside media sources, criticizing “the penchant for the popular media to exploit the public’s distrust in Muslims by labeling Muslims as terrorists and extremists to sell headlines”. While Muslims and Islam are sometimes highlighted in a negative light, statistical analysis findings also suggested that “articles give a predominantly white and Christian student population a chance to be informed on a religion that does not get enough positive light in the media” and that as time passed, articles published in The Daily Illini became progressively less anti-Muslim in nature and that the newspaper managed biases appearing in their articles to an extent greater than that of popular media.

Underrepresentation of Women
In earlier issues of The Daily Illini, including when it was still just called The Illini, women were not written about as much as the male students at the university. When written about, women appeared mostly in articles about “sorority formals or stunt shows”. Through the examination of articles written in The Daily Illini around 1917, at the time of World War I, it appears that the war only affected male students, when it certainly also affected female students, while the affects it had on women are not covered as much in the media. In a letter written by Edmund J. James, the President of the University of Illinois, in response to the declaration of war by the United States Congress and published in the Daily Illini, he mentions that the United States that “men and women will be wanted” for a variety of roles in aiding the war efforts of the country. Despite the publication of this letter, subsequent issues of The Daily Illini throughout the war featured women on front page war-related publications very little, with only eight of fifty front pages featuring women, and in these eight instances the contexts in which women were mention involved either “taking nursing classes” or “giving up sorority formals to send money to the troops”. In contrast, the involvement of male students in war efforts was thoroughly covered, writing about male students “working on farms in Canada, serving in the military reserves, or going overseas”.

In addition to war efforts during World War I, women, especially of the Alpha Delta Pi sorority, were heavily involved in athletics after the then recent establishment of the Women’s Athletic Association. Despite this, women’s athletics were covered very little, while male sports were covered much more thoroughly. The underrepresentation of women at the University of Illinois during World War I extends beyond the Daily Illini as there is only pillar at Memorial Stadium dedicated to a woman, Gladys Gilpatrick of the Alpha Delta Pi sorority, who served as a nurse in World War I.

LGBT and LGBT Racial Minority Representation
In the examination of 103 articles published in the Daily Illini between 1970 and 1979, “about 25 made reference to the idea that homosexuality is a psychological or criminal problem”. When referring to homosexuality as a “criminal problem”, a series of Daily Illini articles cover the demonstrations of Jeff Graubart and his arrest for “trespassing at the Urbana city building”, using the situation as evidence to reinforce that idea. Despite Daily Illini coverage involving anti-gay sentiment during the 1970s there were articles rejecting “the idea that homosexuality is a disease”, but letters written to The Daily Illini in response to these articles compare homosexual individuals to “alcoholics, hypochondriacs, and schizophrenics” and “Nazis, Communists, gamblers and prostitutes”.

Daily Illini coverage in the 1970s surrounding the gay rights movement does showcase various perspectives. In one article, the Urbana mayor's handling of Jeff Graubart's “nonviolent demonstration for gay rights” is criticized. However, most coverage surrounding gay rights in the Daily Illini in the 1970s highlights primarily white individuals, with limited representation of racial minorities, as “most people pictured in any way are white”, but typically it is unclear as gay individuals are pictured in a matter that obscures their identity and makes it difficult to identify their features. One of the few mentions of LGBT racial minorities appears in a Daily Illini article titled “Where Gays Can Feel Unfettered” published in 1975, and is of an “exoticized racialized exception to the norm”. When interviewed for The Daily Illini, queer members of the University of Illinois community requested not to be identified, citing that “Champaign is still too small a town to be totally open about it”. Attendees of an annual event of the queer registered student organization, “Gay Illini”, the “Spring Glitter Ball”, requested to either be pictured from behind or not appear in pictures published to the Daily Illini at all.