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Lance James (18 July 1938 - 2 March 2020) was a South African country & western singer and radio music presenter. His career spanned almost six decades.

Early life
Lance James Liebenberg was born 1938 in Springs on the East Rand of Johannesburg.

Career
Other single hits include Dankie, Hoe Groot is U, and Dont Let the Old Man In.

XXXXXXThey recorded many songs together and Barbara’s first single with Lance, After The Fire Is Gone, was released in 1977. Several albums followed, and in 1979 Barbara and Lance won a vocal group SARIE award. XXXXXXXXXXXXX

He worked at the SABC on Springbok Radio from 1954 until 1985. At the radio station, he was a presenter on two shows, Keep it Country on Sundays and Munt uit Musiek.

An autobiography, Dankie by Francois van Oudtshoorn was published in 2015.

His final album came out in 2019, called Swan Song.

Death
Suffering from heart problems and other aged health issues, he was admitted to a Johannesburg hospital in 2020. There he broke a hip and would later pass away from an infection after hip surgery, several weeks in hospital. He is survived by his partner Eunice, two daughters and three grandchildren.

Honours
In 2019, he was honoured for his life work by Federasie van Afrikaanse Kulturvereniginge. Other awards include a Beeld Award for contribution to Afrikaans music, a Solidarity Award, six Sarie Awards and several awards for "Best Album of the Year", and a Life Time Achievement Award.

Actor

 * Lindie (1971)
 * Danie Bosman: Die verhaal van die grootste S.A. komponis (1969)

Soundtrack

 * Lindie (1971)
 * Vicki! (1970)

Background
Federale Volksbeleggings (FVB) and Bonus Investment Corporation (Bonuskor) formed Federale Mynbou (FedMyn) on the 6 June 1953 with R120,000 in capital with the two financers owning equal shares in the new company. Federale Mynbou purchased two small coal mines called Klippoortjie and Koornfontein that were previously owned by FVB.

It break into gold mining happened in November 1958 when it join Anglo American, General Mining Corporation and the Anglo-Transvaal Consolidated Investment Company in investing in the Zandpan Gold Mining Company outside Klerksdorp.

Trans-Natal Coal Company Corporation was a share holding company formed in 1963 from the Natal Navigation Collieries, Transvaal Navigation Collieries, Klipoortje and Koornfonetin Collieries and Federale Mynbou's coal interests with the existing shares of the latter exchanged for those in the new company. It would become the second biggest coal mining company in South Africa.

A new jointly own company was formed by Federale Mynbou and Anglo America in 1964 called Main Street Investments. It saw Federale Mybou contribute its shareholding of Trans-Natal Coal Company Corporation that had formed a year earlier. Anglo American in turn would contribute it shareholding of the General Mining and Finance Corporation to the new company.

In August 1963, a diamond exploration concession was obtained in South West Africa. It was granted to the consortium of Federale Mynbou, Bonuskor, Federale Volksbellegings, Santam, Sanlam, Spes Bona Mynboumaatskappy and Duinveld Bellegings.

An announcement was made in June 1965 with Anglo American and Federale Mynbou creating a new joint venture of equal share in Main Street Investments (1965). The new £5 million company would invest in steel and heavy industry. At the same time, Main Street Investments would be renamed Hollardstraatese Bellegings. Anglo American sold a 1% share in the Main Street to Federale Mynbou giving it a 51% shareholding in the company and making General Mining and Finance Corporation a subsidiary of Mynbou.

List of junctions
{| class="plainrowheaders wikitable" !scope=col|Department !scope=col|Location !scope=col|km !scope=col|mi !scope=col|Junction !scope=col|Destinations !scope=col|Notes
 * rowspan="16"|Calvados
 * rowspan="2"|Mondeville
 * 0.0
 * 0.0
 * - 1 Porte de Paris
 * Paris, Rouen, Le Havre, Deauville, Mondeville and Giberville
 * 1.4
 * 0.0
 * - 2 Presqu'île-Rives de l'Orne
 * Mondeville, Colombelles, Caen (SNCF train station) ; Route de la Côte Fleurie
 * rowspan="2"|Hérouville-Saint-Clair
 * 2.9
 * 0.0
 * - 3 Porte d'Angleterre
 * Port de Ouistreham, Caen (Saint-Jean-Eudes)
 * 3.8
 * 0.0
 * 4 Pierre Heuzé
 * Hérouville-Saint-Clair, Caen (Pierre Heuzé)
 * rowspan="3"|Caen
 * 5.2
 * 0.0
 * - 5 Côte de Nacre
 * Douvres-la-Délivrande, Épron, Caen (campus 1, Calvaire Saint-Pierre)
 * 6.2
 * 0.0
 * 6 Vallée des Jardins
 * Saint-Contest, Caen (Vallée des Jardins, La Folie Couvrechef - Mémorial)
 * 8.0
 * 0.0
 * - 7 Chemin Vert
 * Saint-Germain-la-Blanche-Herbe, Caen (Chemin vert, La Maladrerie)
 * rowspan="1"|Saint-Germain-la-Blanche-Herbe
 * 9.9
 * 0.0
 * - 8 Porte de Bessin
 * Cherbourg, Bayeux
 * rowspan="1"|Bretteville-sur-Odon
 * 13.2
 * 0.0
 * - 9 Porte de Bretagne
 * Vire-Normandie, Rennes, Nantes
 * rowspan="1"|Éterville
 * 14.6
 * 0.0
 * - 10 Éterville
 * Louvigny, Caen (la Prairie)
 * rowspan="3"|Ifs
 * 18.1
 * 0.0
 * 11 Suisse Normande
 * Flers, Fleury-sur-Orne, Caen (Grâce de Dieu)
 * 21.0
 * 0.0
 * 12 Ifs
 * Ifs, Caen (campus 3)
 * 22.1
 * 0.0
 * - 13 Porte d'Espagne
 * Alençon, Le Mans, Tours
 * rowspan="2"|Cormelles-le-Royal
 * 23.3
 * 0.0
 * - 14 Cormelles
 * Cormelles-le-Royal, Caen (Guérinière)
 * 24.5
 * 0.0
 * 15 Vallée Sèche
 * Grentheville, Caen (Sainte-Thérèse)
 * rowspan="1"|Mondeville
 * 26.6
 * 0.0
 * - 16 Pays d'Auge
 * Lisieux, Caen (Demi-Lune)
 * 21.0
 * 0.0
 * 12 Ifs
 * Ifs, Caen (campus 3)
 * 22.1
 * 0.0
 * - 13 Porte d'Espagne
 * Alençon, Le Mans, Tours
 * rowspan="2"|Cormelles-le-Royal
 * 23.3
 * 0.0
 * - 14 Cormelles
 * Cormelles-le-Royal, Caen (Guérinière)
 * 24.5
 * 0.0
 * 15 Vallée Sèche
 * Grentheville, Caen (Sainte-Thérèse)
 * rowspan="1"|Mondeville
 * 26.6
 * 0.0
 * - 16 Pays d'Auge
 * Lisieux, Caen (Demi-Lune)
 * 15 Vallée Sèche
 * Grentheville, Caen (Sainte-Thérèse)
 * rowspan="1"|Mondeville
 * 26.6
 * 0.0
 * - 16 Pays d'Auge
 * Lisieux, Caen (Demi-Lune)
 * - 16 Pays d'Auge
 * Lisieux, Caen (Demi-Lune)



Anthony Edward Rupert (4 October 1916 – 18 January 2006) was a South African businessman, philanthropist, and conservationist. He is best known for the tobacco and industrial conglomerate Rembrandt Group and oversaw its transition to the industrial and luxury branded goods sectors, with Rembrandt, eventually splitting into Remgro (an investment company with financial, mining, and industrial interests) and Richemont (a Swiss-based luxury goods group).

Early life
He was born and raised in the small town of Graaff-Reinet, Eastern Cape, the son of a lawyer. He was descended from German settler stock, his great-grandfather was a member of the German Legion that settled in the Eastern Cape after the Crimea War. He enrolled to study a medical degree but dropped out due to a lack of funds. A dry-cleaning business he started to fund the degree failed. He went on to study chemistry at the University of Pretoria and graduated with a master's degree. He would also lecture chemistry at the same university.

Business career
During the depression, he recognised that two products were bought no matter how difficult the economic conditions were. These were tobacco and alcohol. In 1941, investing GBP10 with two fellow investors, he started manufacturing snuff and loose tabacco cigarettes in his garage. Their brand was called Voorbrand. By 1943 he purchased Forrer Brothers a wine company in Cape Town and in 1945 opened the Distillers Corporation. With the Voorbrand business struggling he left for the United Kingdom in late 1945 to find new machinery. After meeting with Rothmans he entered into an agreement to manufacture and sell their Rothmans Pall Mall brand in South Africa.

He then rebranded Voorbrand cigarettes in 1948 as Rembrandt Tobacco Company which would make the brand more sellable internationally. A holding company called Rembrandt Limited was formed to manage the tabaco and distillery businesses. His company developed the Peter Stuyvesant brand in the early 1950s and promoted his brands overseas.

In 1954, he gained majority control of Rothmans and its brands. In 1956, Rembrandt Limited was listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. Then in 1958 Rothmans merge with House of Carreras and controlled the Dunhill brands.

Wine
The Rupert family is also deeply involved in the South African wine and liquor industry, owning the L'Ormarins and La Motte wine estates and having a stake in Rupert & Rothschild Vignerons, the wine-making partnership between the Rupert and Rothschild families (at the time of his death due to a car crash in 2001, Rupert's youngest son, Anthonij, was head of Rupert & Rothschild Vignerons.) The Ruperts also partially control two of South Africa's largest wine merchant houses, Stellenbosch Farmers' Winery (SFW) and Distillers Corporation, who together produce one of every six bottles of wine in South Africa and nearly eighty percent of the country's brandy. These two companies have merged to form Distell Group Limited. Among other interests, the Rupert Group also owns South Africa's second-largest chain of private hospitals, the Medi-Clinic Corporation, with 5,500 beds. According to his biography, Rupert's business career spanned over sixty years. He started his global empire with a personal investment of just £10 in 1941 becoming named on the Forbes list of 500 wealthiest families worldwide. At the time of his death his assets were estimated at $1.7 billion.

???????????????????????? Some time later, with an initial investment of GBP 10 and together with two fellow investors, he started manufacturing cigarettes in his garage, which he eventually built into the tobacco and industrial conglomerate Rembrandt Group, overseeing its transition to the industrial and luxury branded goods sectors, with Rembrandt, eventually splitting into Remgro (an investment company with financial, mining and industrial interests) and Richemont (a Swiss-based luxury goods group). Currently, this business empire encompasses hundreds of companies located in 35 countries on six continents, with combined yearly net sales in the region of US$10 billion. Rupert had also been deeply involved in environmental conservation and his companies have been prominent in funding the fine arts; since 1964 foundations established by Rembrandt have used a part of the group's profits for the promotion of education, art, music and the preservation of historical buildings. He also played an important role in the South African Small Business Development Corporation (SBDC), a non-profit company whose loans to small and medium-sized businesses have created nearly half a million jobs since 1981.

Business career
Rupert established the tobacco company "Voorbrand Tobacco Company" in 1939 manufacturing snuff. He soon renamed it Rembrandt Ltd., whose overseas tobacco interests were consolidated into Rothmans in 1972. In 1988, the Rembrandt group founded the Swiss luxury goods company, Richemont, which in turn acquired Rembrandt's shares in Rothmans. Richemont also owns such luxury brands as Cartier (jewellery); Alfred Dunhill and Sulka (designer clothing); Seeger (leather bags); Piaget, Baume & Mercier and Vacheron Constantin (Swiss watches) and Montblanc (writing instruments). In 1995, Rembrandt and Richemont consolidated their respective tobacco interests into Rothmans International, which was at the time the world's fourth largest cigarette manufacturer. In 1999, Rothmans International merged with British American Tobacco (BAT), the world's second largest cigarette producer. Remgro held 10% and Richemont held 18.6% of BAT before unbundling. Rupert's eldest son, Johann Rupert, is now the CEO of Richemont and chairman of Remgro.

Politics
In 1966, he was mentioned as a possible candidate for Prime Minister as a part of a "Verwoerd must go" campaign. The Cape Province section of the ruling National Party endorsed Rupert over Verwoerd, citing the need to improve South Africa's international standing and Rupert's image as a "moderate" who could unify the country, whilst still maintaining and developing the Apartheid system. Verwoerd was assassinated within one month, and hardliner John Vorster was endorsed by the NP caucus to replace him; Vorster was to become South Africa's longest consecutive-serving head of government. He was a member of the secret Afrikaner society, the Afrikaner Broederbond in the 1940s, but eventually he dismissed it as an "absurdity", and allowed his membership to lapse.

Involvement in conservation
Rupert was a founding member of the WWF (World Wildlife Fund) and it was in his role as the president of the organisation's South African branch that he took a lead in the creation of trans-frontier parks (also known as trans-frontier conservation areas (TFCAs) or "peace parks"), such as the Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation Area. He also established The 1001: A Nature Trust in 1970, a financial endowment to fund the organisation. With an initial grant of 1.2 million Rand (US$260,000) from the Rupert Nature Foundation, the Peace Parks Foundation was established on 1 February 1997 to facilitate the establishment of TFCAs in southern Africa. Nelson Mandela, Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands and Anton Rupert were the founding patrons of the Peace Parks Foundation. In 2000, the Cape Tercentenary Foundation awarded him the Molteno Medal for lifetime services to cultural and nature conservation.

Honours
In 2004, he was voted 28th in the television series, Top 100 Great South Africans with Nelson Mandela in first place.

Married
Rupert married his wife Huberte Goote in 1941. She passed away in 2005. He had two sons Johann Rupert, Antonij Rupert (d. 2001) and a daughter Hanneli.

Death
He died in his sleep at his home in Thibault Street, Stellenbosch at the age of 89.

Chapel of Saint-Jean-Batiste
Built in 19th century on the site of a more ancient Chapel of 16th century origin, it is octagon in shape.

Chapel of Saint-Blaise
Built on the edge of cliff, it is of Romanesque design but has a gothic vault, and three wooden statues.

Chapel of Saint-Anne
The Chapel was rebuilt in the 19th century, with a gothic portal and altarpiece from the Notre-Dame chapel.

Crypt of Saint Armadour
From the parvis or courtyard, an entrance leads down thirty-two steps into a 12th century crypt under the basilica. It has a nave with no transepts or asps. An altar sits in front of the northern wall of the tower. The crypt sits on the edge of the cliff. It served as parish church and a burial place for important families up unit 1830. Its now the resting place of the burnt bone remains and ashes of St Armadour.

Chapelle Saint-Michel

Rock Wall, vault and roof

Iron door gate?

Tombeau de Saint Armadour
In 1166, while digging a grave at the site, an intact body was found. Church officials claimed it was the body of St Armadour. The tomb, carved out of the rock contains a sculpted wood image of the Saint as a reclining hermit. His decicateded remains were burnt in 1562 by Huguenot called Bessonias during religious wars in France.

Corridor
Next to door of the Crypt of Saint Armadour, a corridor passes under church through to the entrance of the Porte St Martial. Here on can access a viewing platform and the route leads to the Chemin de la Croix. Other zig-zagging paths leading up to access road on top of the cliff or down towards the old town.

Le Chemin de Croix
The way of the cross was inaugurated in June 1887 and climbs the treed cliff face. It consists of cut stone chapels with each name of the station of the cross carved into Poitou stone. Near stage six of the way, a natural cave contains statue of Jesus and three sleeping apostles. The last station of the cross, near the top of the cliff, has an artificial cave made from an old quarry, containing columns supporting the vault and three naves. As you reach the plateau, the last cross is the Croix of Jerusalem, erected in August 1887 after being consecrated in Jerusalem. An avenue of Cedar trees leads to the chateau area.

Chateau
On top of plateau, also known as the ramparts, above the sanctuaries and old town, is the chateau. Built during the 14th century, its moats were 8m deep by 6m wide, but have now been filled-in. The chateau has a bell tower or carillon. The chateau is now the residence of the chaplains.