User:Contehrose/sandbox

 Article evaluation 

Evaluating Content: The first thing i noticed about this article was the tag on top noting the neutrality of the article is questioned due to concerns about systematic bias. the information itself was for the most part up to date, however, it could be updated with better resources. The format could be updated to flow better.

Evaluating tone: As mentioned above, the main concern for the article is it's neutrality, with hints of bias discussing internalized sexism mainly towards women.

Evaluating sources: The sources seem to be current, however, I've noticed a couple dated to the 1990's. The sources support the claims in the article, but we probably need better articles which are more relevant and show a neutral position.

Checking the talk page: This article was once part of several wiki projects (feminism, discrimination, sociology and gender studies). It was also part of an educational assignment in fall 2014. Some of the conversation refer to said bias and there have been several changes to the focus and direction of the topic.

 Article resources: 

'''Thomas-Tate, S., Daugherty, T. K., & Bartkoski, T. J. (2017). Experimental study of gender effects on language use in college students’ email to faculty. College Student Journal, 51(2), 222–226. Retrieved from https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2018-00756-006&site=ehost-live&scope=site '''

Article summary: An experiment designed to test language use in college students to professors. This article would be great in talking about gender differences in language. The result of the experiment revealed that female students displayed less politeness, were more direct and were less formal when writing to female faculty than male faculty. This experiment alludes to components of internalized sexism, and in this case through the use of communication. Examing gender bias in email communication from college student to faculty. In this experiment, the gender of the faculty member was manipulated. It consisted of 240 college students from a midwestern public university. The study revealed that students were much more professional when they perceived the faculty member as male. Overall the results of the study were consistent with internalized sexism, “wherein some female students might project learned perceptions of inferiority through communication with other women (e.g., female faculty members)” (page. 244).

I would use this article to discuss the gender differences in communication influenced by internalized sexism. This is worth looking more into for modes of internalization or a different section.

'''Johnson, B., II. (2010). Toward an anti-sexist Black American male identity. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 11(3), 182–194. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018293 '''

This article talks about the individual socialization of black American men and the critical childhood experiences that reinforced patriarchal norms. This article focuses on general, internalized and externalized sexism, I believe it might provide great supplement towards a larger topic. This narrative recount through several modes of internalization which influenced this author in his upbringing, forcing him to now come face to face with his internalized and externalized sexism. The article provides a different perspective, addressing both racism and sexism in the context of oppression and privilege. The conclusion was helpful in outlining several ways we can combat internalized sexism which includes; open dialogue and avoiding gross generalizations.

'''Szymanski, D., & Henrichs-Beck, C. (2014). Exploring Sexual Minority Women’s Experiences of External and Internalized Heterosexism and Sexism and their Links to Coping and Distress. Sex Roles, 70(1–2), 28–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-013-0329-5 '''

This study examined experiences of external and internalized heterosexism and sexism. And its links to coping styles and psychological distress among sexual minority women. The experiences of these women as found in research has consistently been correlated with psychological distress, including lower-self esteem, less social support, loneliness, depression, suicidal ideation, anxiety, substance abuse etc. These negative and limiting attitudes about women that are prevalent in society are two fold for women in sexual minority women.

'''Keener, E., Mehta, C., & Strough, J. (2013). Should educators and parents encourage other-gender interactions? Gender segregation and sexism. Gender & Education, 25(7), 818–833. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2013.845648 '''

This article looks at potential long term consequences of gender segregation at home and at school. This study examines the association between gender segregated per-preferences and sexist attitudes. This stems from early childhood and in-group bias. Something to look more into is “some research has found that same-gender peers socialize gender-stereotyped attitudes towards women (McHale et al. 2004). Furthermore, stereotyped beliefs about the other gender are thought to develop in gender-segregated peer groups and to fuel further gender segregation” (page 819). The results emphasized that gender segregation plays a large part in sexism and that it is important to study gender segregation in adolescence because it can help us understand more about inequality.

'''Becker, J. C., Zawadzki, M. J., & Shields, S. A. (2014). Confronting and Reducing Sexism: A Call for Research on Intervention. Journal of Social Issues, 70(4), 603–614. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12081 '''

This article provides a comprehensive look at ways to reduce sexism. Addressing current research on this topic, identifying gaps in literature, and explaining why methods to reduce prejudice does not apply to sexism. The paper concludes that a multipronged approach is needed to understand when and how sexism can be confronted, and endorsement of sexist attitudes can be reduced” (page 611).

'''Leaper, C. and Brown, C. S. (2018), Sexism in Childhood and Adolescence: Recent Trends and Advances in Research. Child Dev Perspect, 12: 10-15. doi:10.1111/cdep.12247'''

'''Wing, B. (2010). Strong Women: Relationships That Support Anti-Sexist Masculinity Projects. Conference Papers -- American Sociological Association, 1943. Retrieved from https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sih&AN=86648033&site=ehost-live&scope=site '''

'''Szymanski, D. M., Ikizler, A. S., & Dunn, T. L. (2016). Sexual minority women’s relationship quality: Examining the roles of multiple oppressions and silencing the self. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000145 '''

'''Woodford, M. R., Kulick, A., Sinco, B. R., & Hong, J. S. (2014). Contemporary heterosexism on campus and psychological distress among LGBQ students: The mediating role of self-acceptance. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(5), 519–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000015 '''

'''Leaper, C. and Brown, C. S. (2018), Sexism in Childhood and Adolescence: Recent Trends and Advances in Research. Child Dev Perspect, 12: 10-15. doi:10.1111/cdep.12247'''

 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0361684318777722 

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Draft of contribution to article

Under modes of internalization:

Gender differences in language and communication
Differences in communication across genders is influenced by internalized sexism portrayed in everyday conversation. The main target of internalized sexism are predominantly women who are regarded as inferior. In Everyday conversation, women are scrutinized by objectification, use of derogatory terms, or invalidated either by other women or men. The manner of communication and language use, objectifies the woman. Other forms of language use toward women include the use of derogatory terms such as; “bitch” slut” “hoe” etc. as forms of invalidation. These terms are used as a form of gender role policing, for women who defy gender norms or hold more assertive and vocal qualities. These conversational practices objectify, invalidate and perpetuate internalized sexism.

There are significant differences in language use between genders. Language can also act as a moderator of the maintenance of power imbalance between groups. Derogation and criticism perpetuate social stigma which then become internalized by those affected who become critical of themselves and members of their own gender or diminish their own voices. This is known as horizontal oppression influenced by systematic invalidation and internal dynamics of internalized sexism.

Citation:

Bearman, S., Korobov, N., & Thorne, A. (2009). The fabric of internalized sexism. Journal of Integrated Social Sciences,1, 10-47. doi:10.1891/9780826199263.0008

Combating internalized sexism
There haven’t much research surrounding ways of combating internalized sexism. However, research has focused on effective ways to combat this issue. These include; observing conversation to identity practices of internalized sexism and confront those conversations to bring awareness to it, and the broader system of sexism. Other ways include encouraging people to be intentional and decline to participate in derogation, invalidation and objectification of their fellow women. Empowerment, support, and collaboration are all effective ways to combat internalized sexism.

Citation:

Bearman, S., Korobov, N., & Thorne, A. (2009). The fabric of internalized sexism. Journal of Integrated Social Sciences,1, 10-47. doi:10.1891/9780826199263.0008

Becker, J. C., Zawadzki, M. J., & Shields, S. A. (2014). Confronting and Reducing Sexism: A Call for Research on Intervention. Journal of Social Issues,70(4), 603-614. doi:10.1111/josi.12081