User:Cookiedough22/Cucumber mosaic virus

Virion
This virus presents non-enveloped, icosahedral or bacilliform virions of 26-35 nm in diameter. The different RNAs are encapsidated in distinct particles, which results in a variety of virions [4]. The virus is made of 180 subunits that are composed of single capsid proteins and single stranded positive RNA. The different RNAs such as satellite RNA are linked to expressing the virus .Cucumber mosaic virus affects plant species where it infects them and rapidly mutates, causing difficulties in treatments attributable to its constant mutations, host range, and resistance.

Environment
CMV is naturally found in temperate areas, where aphids, one of its main vectors, are also found. In addition to its presence in temperature areas, this virus can also be found in more tropical climate zones .Areas such as these include California, Spain, Italy, and even some parts of Eastern Asia.

Diagnosis
The plant has physical implications of being affected by this virus. A series of yellow or green pigmentation can appear predominantly in the leaves of the plant .Leaf malformation, plant necrosis, plant growth inhibition, and altered fruit quality are all characteristics of plants with this virus.

The presence of this virus in a plant can be confirmed serologically (ELISA), molecularly (PCR), or by host range tests .(added 6th reference too). These tests can be done to determine the amount of or just the presence of the virus on the plants. Biological assays can also be performed to determine the specific variants of CMV affecting the plant.

Management
CMV can affect the health and sustainability of agriculture such as crops like tomatoes, peppers, and lettuce. It can negatively affect the environment it infects. Currently there is no chemical capable of removing this virus from an infected plant, and therefore the best control is through prevention of the infection and eradication. To achieve this, it is crucial to remove weeds and diseased plants from the field, as well as use clean and sanitized tools. Other options are the use of resistant varieties, or planting so-called "trap crops".

Importance
CMV is non-persistently non-circulatively transmitted by more than 80 different aphid species, among other vectors. As consequences, the virus is easily spread, and can be found worldwide. CMV infects over 1200 plant species, including important crops and ornamental species. In its plant host, CMV can induce severe damage, which often lead to economical losses, as it has been proven to cause to 10-20% loss of field yield. A reduction of crop yield can affect mechanisms such as photosynthesis and the its ability to provide oxygen to the environment.

*Areas underlined are information I added into the original article of the author.*

Cucumber Mosaic Virus Draft
Editor: Brianna Estrella

Date: April 22nd, 2024

Areas of Improvement/ Editing:
1. Virion section -

Cucumber mosaic virus are made of 180 subunits composed of single capsid proteins and single stranded positive RNA. Specific RNA’s such as satellites RNA have been shown to affect tomato plants when in contact with Cucumber mosaic virus [1]. Cucumber mosaic virus poses a threat to the plants it infects and the trend of rapid mutation indicates the difficulty of treating the affected plants with the virus [2]. This can be due to the virus's high host range and high number of mutations and resistance.

2. Environmental section -

This virus is typically found in areas of temperature and tropical climate zones [3]. More specifically, you can see this virus mostly areas such as Spain, Italy, California, and Eastern parts of Asia.

3. Diagnosis section -

Leaf malformation, plant necrosis, growth inhibition are all effects of cucumber mosaic virus on the plants it infects [3].It is mostly identified by light or dark green and yellow marked pigmentations on the affected leaves with the ability to affect fruit quality [5].

Certain tests can be done to detect the virus on the plants. A series of assays such as biological and serological assays can be done to detect and determine the effect of virus on the affected plants. Biological assays can be performed to differentiate the specific variants of cucumber mosaic virus is affecting the plants [4]. ELISA(Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) can be performed to detect CMV in crude extracts [4].

4. I mportance on the virus in the management section -

CMV can affect the health and sustainability of agriculture. It can negatively impact plants and the environment they develop in. CMV has been evident to affect certain crops such as lettuce, peppers, and others[6]. It is crucial to learn how to maintain crop environments free of this virus or at a minimum amount to achieve adequate produce.The virus can be controlled through agronomically and chemically to reduce the spread of this plant virus [5].