User:Corinnetb/Myxococcus

Myxococcus Genus
Myxococcus is a gram-negative, rod shaped genus of predatory bacteria that is known for harboring a unique hunting strategy. Unlike other predatory bacteria, Myxococcus has developed a way to hunt prey organisms without harming the host. This allows for Myxococcus to thrive in a diverse range of environments, ranging from soils to aquatic habitats. The molecular mechanisms of Myxococcus’ hunting strategy and research behind it are relatively limited, although there is much being learned about the potential implications of this behavior.

Hunting Strategy
Myxococcus hunts by forming large multicellular structures called fruiting bodies, which are composed of thousands of individual bacteria that are large enough to be seen with the naked eye. When the conditions are favorable, Myxococcus bacteria will aggregate together and begin to move as a single unit toward potential prey. This movement is facilitated by a series of chemical signals that allow the bacteria to coordinate their behavior. Once the fruiting body reaches its target, the bacteria will begin to secrete enzymes that break down the cell walls of the prey. The enzymes vary, including proteases, chitinases, and amylases that allow for them to extract and break down complex organic molecules. However, unlike other predatory bacteria, Myxococcus does not kill its prey outright. Instead, it will continue to secrete enzymes until the prey is partially digested; at this point, the bacteria will begin to feed on the prey’s contents without harming the host or affecting host structures. One of the methods by which Myxococcus is able to hunt without harming the host is the method that it utilizes in order to avoid the host’s immune system. When Myxococcus begins to secrete enzymes, it also produces a series of molecules that act as decoys. These molecules mimic the host’s own cell surface receptors and markers, making it difficult for the host’s immune system to detect the bacteria. The resulting effect is Myxococcus’ ability to feed on its prey without triggering an immune response.

Environmental Adaptations
Myxococcus’ success in hunting is aided by its ability to adapt to different conditions by changing its behavior based on environmental cues. For example, when nutrients are abundant, Myxococcus tends to exhibit cooperative behavior with cells aggregating to form fruiting bodies. When nutrients become scarce, Myxococcus switches to a more predatory mode, where it will hunt for other bacteria in order to obtain nutrients. Varying temperatures also can impact Myxococcus’ behavior, as high temperatures can signal for the cells to form spores in order to survive until conditions become more favorable, which may be important during a potential immune response as a fever can become present. Interestingly, Myxococcus can even respond to pH differences, where acidic conditions can cause it to increase the production of alkaline proteases to better digest its prey.