User:Coverell/sandbox

Introduction
Moexipril hydrochloride is a potent orally active non-sulfhydryl angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE)which is used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. Moexipril can be administered alone or together with other antihypertensives or diuretics. It works by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Moexipril is available from Schwarz'Pharma under the trade name Univasc

Clinical Pharmacology
Moexipril is available as a prodrug moexipril hydrochloride, and is metabolized in the liver to form the pharmacologically active compound moexiprilat. Formation of the active ingredient, moexiprilat, is caused by hydrolysis of an ethyl ester group. Moexipril is incompletely absorbed after oral administration, and its bioavailability is low. The long pharmacokinetic half-life and persistent ACE inhibition of moexipril allows once-daily administration.

Moexipril is highly lipophilic, and is in the same hydrophobic range as quinapril, benazepril, and ramipril. Lipophilic ACE inhibitors are able to penetrate membranes more readily and thus tissue ACE may be a target in addition to plasma ACE. It has been shown that there is a significant reduction in tissue ACE (lung, myocardium, aorta, and kidney) activity after moexipril.

Side Effects
Moexipril is generally well tolerated in elderly patients with hypertension. Hypotension, dizziness, increased cough, diarrhea, flu syndrome, fatigue, and flushing have been found to effect less than 6% of patients who were prescribed moexipril.

Mechanism of Action
As an ACE inhibitor, moexipril causes a decrease in angiotensin converting enzyme. This blocks the conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II. Blockage of Angiotensin II limits hypertension within the vasculature. Additionally, moexipril has been found to possess cardioprotective properties. Rats given moexipril one week prior to induction of myocardial infarction, displayed decreased infarct size. The cardioprotective effects of ACE inhibitors are mediated through a combination of angiotensin II inhibition and bradykinin proliferation Increased levels of bradykinin stimulate in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO). PGE2 and NO cause vasodilation and continue to exert anti-proliferative effects. Inhibition of angiotensin II by moexipril decreases remodeling effects on the cardiovascular system. Indirectly, angiotensin II stimulates of the production of endothelin 1 and 3 (ET1, ET3) and the transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), all of which have tissue proliferative effects that are blocked by the actions of moexipril. The anti-proliferative effects of moexipril have also been demonstrated in vitro studies where moexipril inhibits the estrogen-stimulated growth of neonatal cardiac fibroblasts in rats. Other ACE inhibitors have also been found to produce these actions as well.