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Watson_Brake

Fact: The arrangement of human-made mounds at Watson Brake was constructed over centuries by members of a hunter-gatherer society.

MLA Citation: Saunders, Joe W., et al. “Watson Brake, a Middle Archaic Mound Complex in Northeast Louisiana.” American Antiquity, vol. 70, no. 4, Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 631–68, doi:10.2307/40035868.

DOI: 10.2307/40035868

Quote: The degree of soil development in the multistage mound and ridge fills suggests periods of 200+ years between construction phases. Phase 3

Lynott, Mark J. Hopewell Ceremonial Landscapes of Ohio : More Than Mounds and Geometric Earthworks. Oxbow Books, 2015, pp. 231-233. https://pstcc-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/f/1qcuk90/TN_cdi_askewsholts_vlebooks_9781782977575

ISBN: 9781782977544

The chapter within this book looks at particular mounds and landscapes from the Hopewell people. It shows the purposes behind some of the most complex and elaborate mound systems of the Americas. This chapter specifically speaks to the religious or ceremonial uses of these mounds. This helps to broaden the traditional view of ceremony and spirituality of the people in this area during this time period.

Streissguth, Tom, et al. "sacred sites." Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the MedievalWorld, Pam J. Crabtree, Facts On File, 1st edition, 2008. Credo Reference, https://pstcc-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/f/1qcuk90/TN_cdi_proquest_ebookcentral_EBC3009931

ISBN: 9780816069361

The article within this section of the Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Medieval World describes the different types of mounds built by mound building cultures in the Americas. Specifically, this article speaks about the religious and ceremonial practices connected to these mounds. This discovery provides a better understanding of the many uses of the different kinds of mounds found. This broadens the traditional view of religion and spiritual practices in the Americas.

Phase 4

Fact 1 Paragraph: The mound-building tradition of the Adena (ca. 1000-ca. 100 B.C.E.) and Hopewell (ca. 200 B.C.E.-ca. 400 C.E.) cultures was continued between 700 and the time of European contact by the Mississippian civilization. (De Soto reached the region in 1539) Cahokia, in southern Illinois, just 8 miles from the present-day city of Saint Louis, hosted at its height more than 20,000 people. Mounds were built in several stages and resemble Mesoamerican pyramids, with large steps and central staircases. Pyramids are found within large enclosures. One side of the pyramid serves as a ritual stage and faces a plaza for public gatherings. Effigy mounds are found in the northern Woodlands and Great Lakes areas. They date 200 to 400 years later than the Adena Serpent Mound in modern-day Ohio but belong to the same tradition. The animals depicted are mostly bears and birds, although occasionally other mammals and geometric figures appear. The mounds were burial places, and individual and communal graves have been mostly found in the heart or head of the animal depicted, suggesting perhaps that the animal was a totem clan for the family of the deceased.

Fact 1 Summary: These mounds were not only structures for gatherings and housing but were also used for religious and spiritual reasons such as burial ceremonies as well as communal grave sites.

Fact 2 Paragraph: The pits, pots, and other artifacts at the Riverside site are found in close proximity to one of the largest and most important of all Ohio Hopewell ceremonial centers. The three reconstructed vessels (Fig. 5.9) have tetrapodal bases, a form of vessel that has been found in ritual contexts under mounds at sites like Mound City. The ceramics from Feature 9 at Hopeton also included tetrapod vessels, but that feature lacked the relatively large quantity of calcined bone found in Features 7 and 8 at the Riverside site. At both the Hopeton Earthworks and the Hopewell Mound Group, these larger refuse pits were found outside the embankment walls, and outside the sacred space that is framed by those large monumental earthen walls. It seems likely that the materials in the pits do not represent ordinary household refuse, but probably include debris and deliberately broken objects Fig. 5.7. Riverside site 2006, excavation of pit with ceramic vessels and food remains (photo: author).Fig. 5.8. Excavation of pit features, Riverside site, 2006 (photo: author). 234Hopewell ceremonial landscapes of Ohioused in ceremonies or rituals. It is important to emphasize that this practice of the deliberate breakage of objects is well established also in sub-mound deposits at many Ohio Hopewell sites. Further studies to locate, identify, and examine features inside versus outside Hopewell embankments are needed to help understand more specifically how the great enclosures were used internally and externally. There is much yet to be learned about the Hopewell Mound Group and how it was used during the Hopewell era. A variety of features related to ceremonies, rituals, and non-domestic activities are to be expected. Many of these seem to be the products of feasting or ceremonies, and some may include refuse from materials created to be included in the many sub-mound deposits found at this site.

Fact 2 Summary: Little is known for sure about the use of these mounds, but the commonality of burned material, broken earthen ware, and similar spaces within the earthen walls of these mounds suggests a deep and rich ceremonial culture among the mound building culture.

Article Section: In contrast to Poverty Point, where residents made projectile points with materials traded from distant locations, including Wisconsin and Tennessee, the artifacts of Watson Brake show local materials and production. The projectile points are Middle to Late Archaic in age, and were produced more casually than those at Poverty Point. The people heated local gravel for cooking stones to steam some of their food. They created and fired earthenware items in a variety of shapes, but researchers have not yet determined their functions. These mounds were not only structures for gatherings and housing but were also used for religious and spiritual reasons such as burial ceremonies as well as communal grave sites. Little is known for sure about the use of these mounds, but the commonality of burned material, broken earthen ware, and similar spaces within the earthen walls of these mounds suggests a deep and rich ceremonial culture among the mound building culture.