User:Cregox/science

physics
Unsolved problems in physics have some nice subjects to think about and realize things that actually do exist. Following there are some interesting picks.

elements
there are four well known 4 elements:
 * earth, water, air, fire (sometimes air is also wind)

they can also represent the 4 states of matter:
 * solid, liquid, gas, plasma

there is also the 5th element, named as Aether (classical element).

what about a 5th state of matter??

analysis
Don't confuse with phases of matter, which have 13 currently known. Plasma is contested as being classified as a state of matter, but among the 13 phases it is the only one to even get considered as a state.

Quoting 3 parts from fourth state of matter, which redirects to plasma:


 * Phases are sometimes called states of matter, but this term can lead to confusion with thermodynamic states. For example, two gases maintained at different pressures are in different thermodynamic states, but the same "state of matter".


 * Plasma is often called the fourth state of matter. It is distinct from the three lower-energy phases of matter; solid, liquid, and gas, although it is closely related to the gas phase in that it also has no definite form or volume. There is still some disagreement as to whether a plasma is a distinct state of matter or simply a type of gas.


 * The defining characteristic of a plasma is ionization.

To me that basically proves that plasma is a 4th state. You get solid, give energy, after a breakthrough it explodes into liquid. Get liquid, give energy, it becomes gas. Get gas, give energy, the inner molecules will have now even problem on keeping their electrons under control, it becomes plasma.

Unlike gas, plasma is so energetic it can't be kept easily in any container, so there is the Sun, emitting energy within its own limits of plasma, defined by how much energy it has, that's why it's a sphere, no container can keep it, it assumes the most stable 3 dimensional form possible.

biology
We know DNA exist, we know it's transcribed over generations, we know it's the smallest part of life information, from where each individual is born, just like a recipe to build a human body. Basically we can distinguish live beings exactly by identifying a DNA on it. That group of hereditary information of each living organism is called genome.

It's important to notice one major detail in medical, biological and genetic related science: usually studies on anomalies are only observed when something bad or wrong happens to an individual. Even while famous and well fortunate people are subject of medical studies, it's fairly uncommon to have any deeper study on a single individual, not to say not enough data for statistical evidence at most begingn cases.

genome
An intersting overview about this subject can be reached by classifing size of matter.

It all starts by analyzing atoms, the smallest known part of the matter, despite of not being the smallest, its variations does count for filling up probably 100% of the universe. Hydrogen, Carbon and Oxygen atoms are grouped together in many many different combinations and structures to form molecules to be used in DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) called genes. A DNA is a sequence of grouped genes, and are duplicated paired on a macromolecule called chromosome. Basically each gene is a sequence of information with a specific function, and each chromosome have different and complementary genes. So those 46 chromosomes constitute the human genome.

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 are common among all humans, 1 is the sex chromosome, the so called X or Y. The 22 pairs are actually duplicated, so there are basicaly 24 distinct sequences of DNA, 22 of which are repeated 4 times. A male would have 46,XY pair, and women have 46,XX. The total number of chromosomes on each human individual is expected to be 46, but there are rare individuals with different ammounts. Giving aproximate occurances for each case, women: 45,X (1:2000), 47,XXX (1:1000); men: 47,XXY (1:1000), 47,XYY (1:1000). There's no embryo able to survive without the X chromosome.

Within each chromosome, separating each gene sequence, there are some sequences called noncoding DNA (old term being junk DNA). The noncoding DNA represents over 98% of the human genome, and has unknown functions. Supposely, they had no function and wouldn't even be ignored by RNA process, protein making, or any other cell processment. It is believed human have around 25000 genes, not considering the noncoding DNA, since they are not considered to be genes, although they have the same scturcture of one, they have supposely no function, thus wouldn't be part of hereditary process.

The well popularized Human Genome Project actually don't determine not even all the 24 distinct chromosomes, which represents less than 2% of human genome, although it does map the majority and most relevant part of it.

analysis
That's how well we know about our own "life code", which isn't that much after all. Biology is a science about 100 years old, born with Charles Darwin, and based on a chemestry, study of life, wihch is derived from alchemy (having mystic and esoteric nature), which probably came from hermeticism which is most lokily the oldest subject of phylosophy and most unknown magical teachings. Some believe those Hermes Trismegistus teachings came from Atlantis, while it's commonly accepted that it dates from Ancient Egypt. Even alchemy origins are still discussed, but the fact is, except for chemestry which is basicaly an exact science, biology is also based on controversial and discussed sciences.

They are scientific studies with empircal and pratical proofs, but it's still too new, the newest science indeed, and it's advancing fast and dangerously, as we can see in subjects such as transgenic food, clones, or laboratory viruses.

The genome is a big area of research yet to come, not only human genome. Scientists should get more skeptical about some believes we might have as erroneous truth today, such as ignoring the so called "junk-DNA", and specially be more carefull when handling the unknown. Since we're still far from actually knowing this complicated code, focus on studing it should be done rather than trying to modify part of it without knowing how it can affect any kind of ballance, be it on a cell, organism, body, or even an entire ecosystem, the basics of biology where we learn that no system is unrelated from the other, and any apparent simple modification can bring high impact to the whole.

mutation
(building) mutation cancer

virus
(building) virus HIV