User:Croche30/sandbox

Rudolphine Tables
The purpose of the Rudolphine tables was to be able to predict the positions of planets based off of calculations. His calculations did not agree with the Alphonsine tables nor Copernicus which motivated him to make a more precise table.

Tycho's data and Kepler's model of the Solar System
Tycho Brahe had spent much of his life obtaining measurements of the position of stars and planets to a much greater degree of accuracy than had been possible previously. Tycho Brahe did not use a telescope, but did all observations by naked eye and used math calculations. He did not agree with the Copernican or Ptolemaic theories of planetary positions, so he created his own system. He believed the earth had a geoheliocentric motion while the planets have a heliocentric motion. He did have an Aristotelian view when it came to physics of the earth because it agreed with the Bible and he would not go against this. He believed that with more accurate instruments and careful observations, the calculations produced, or models would be better. Tycho had died unexpectedly when working on the tables and Kepler took over the task. Kepler was able to prepare these new tables using Tycho's observations together with a heliocentric model of the Solar System and his own discovery of the elliptical orbits of the planets. Using Tycho's observations of Mars, he was also able to create a law of planetary motion. Accurate computation was aided by the newly published system of logarithms, which simplified the calculations and made them less prone to errors. (find and add pic)

Publication
The cover of the book had a very detailed drawing with each individual piece having a meaning behind it being included. There were religious and academic reasons behind this, such as the pillars and columns. Each of the twelve columns represent a different zodiac sign. The woman at the top is the muse of astronomy, Urania, who is surrounded by six other muses. There is another astronomer from a different civilization making observations to pay homage to some of the earliest astronomers. There are two names, Meton and Aratus, each of them Greek. Meton used geometry to make a calendar and came up with a system for a lunar calendar. Aratus was a poet that Eudoxus used to describe stars and planets, then with him is an armillary sphere. This sphere belongs to Hipparchus to display the stars. Hipparchus was an astronomer and the founder of trigonometry. Ptolemy is sitting at a table, writing his book and holding an instrument. The book was an accurate depiction of what he was writing with his theorems of planetary motion, and the instrument is an astrolabe. One of the biggest illustrations on the page is Copernicus, Tycho did not agree completely with him, but he did use some of his ideas, and Kepler was more of a Copernican than Tycho making Copernicus’ ideas an integral part of Kepler’s theorems. Tycho is also in the picture asking Copernicus what something is, but the whole background setting is in Tycho’s observatory with most of his art and works. Copernicus and Tycho are portrayed as very large and powerful, with their work and instruments around while Kepler is small and to the side, but some of his works also with him. Using Tycho's observations of Mars, he was also able to create a law of planetary motion.

Composition
Tycho Brahe was a Protestant living in the island of Hven, a Danish island. He had many connections to the upper class Danish people because of his family serving on councils, so he was able to get an education while growing up. In the university he attended, he was taught the Aristotelian system. He had traveled due to the war taking place in his country and once it was over he returned home. He wanted to work with astronomy and physics so he had built a castle-like building that he used as an observatory and a home. The purpose of this observatory was to collect data for King Frederick II. In his observatory he focused on making instruments as precise as possible to gain better results before he started to record observations. He made all observations with a naked eye and his instruments were used for calculations. In this observatory, he saw a new star which he published a book on. He then wanted to move countries, but the King did not want to lose him as an astronomer, so he was given rule of the island, Hven. He built an observatory here which also doubled as his home. Here, he functioned as the royal astronomer, and made several key improvements to his instruments. He did work with many assistants that helped to compile all of the data. He also observed a comet during his stay here that he was able to propose a new theory behind after doing calculations and observations. After twenty years of living there, a new King was appointed that did not get along with Brahe so he was forced to leave. He decided to live in Prague. However, Prague was a Catholic ruled city and he had to convert before accepting a job from the emperor. He was funded by many people to make the move to this new city before he was employed by Rudolf II. He was then assigned by the emperor to make better astronomical tables and he planned to use the data he had already collected. Tycho and his assistants decided that they needed help organizing the data and he hired Johannes Kepler. to do this task. Kepler was also a Protestant and had to leave his city because of religious disagreement, but came to a Catholic city to work with Tycho. Kepler believed in the Copernican system of astronomy and disagreed with some of Tycho's systems, however he believed many of the observations and calculations were correct. He even defended Tycho in a book he wrote and said he was very accurate. Both men were Protestants that had moved to a Catholic ruled city in order to produce and publish scientific data, which was ultimately an inventory of the stars and recording of the new stars. Tycho died a year after working on the tables and Kepler was assigned to finish the tables. It took him eleven years to complete the tables with all of Tycho's data and his original work. During the production of the tables, he had to do the role of the astronomical advisor as well, because he was the successor of Tycho. These duties included predicting events and horoscopes of the noblemen.

= Article evaluation = History of medicine

The article is very long, which makes it hard to read. It was sectioned well between geographic locations, time periods, and sex. There was also a mention of statistics, but only one chart. When reading the section about women, they were only mentioned as nurses and said it was difficult for them to become physicians. We have proof of women practicing all over the world as healers- I think more should be added in this section. There were also many old sources that went past the 1975 cutoff. I think some should be updated. I did not find anything distracting and everything was relevant.

The tone is neutral and I did not feel like there was any opinions. I felt as though women were underrepresented and did not get the credit they deserve. That section was much smaller than the rest of the sections, even the women as physicians section only mentioned two and it was terribly small barely offering information.

The citations and links did work. They agreed with each other in the article. The sources are not biased, just old. Some primary sources would help, but it is not allowed.

The talk page is mainly a discussion about external links and what is relevant, along with military history. There was a dispute between two people, but it seems to have been worked out. They are very particular about what sources are used and the links to them, one is very much advocating for links to museums and libraries. I think this is important because as readers we want something reliable. It is a part of two wiki projects and is rated a class C article and requests of improvement.

We talk about medicine differently in class with an emphasis on women whereas this article does not give much attention. In class we can break down what each component means and what people believed in order to understand their way of medicine. Wikipedia seems very factual, but not much background to understand it all.

Adding a citation
History of medicine article

Modern surgery heading

This section is small but gives a lot of facts with only one sentence having a source. There is also one source with a link that does not work, there is not a page for it. The user put "Laparoscopic surgery was broadly introduced in the 1990s. Natural orifice surgery has followed. Remote surgery is another recent development, with the Lindbergh operation in 2001 as a groundbreaking example." For a citation of this statement I am adding one from Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques.

Vanessa Northington Gamble
Adding a section of her publications and works


 * "Standardizing return of participant results"
 * "Outstanding Services to Negro Health": Dr. Dorothy Boulding Ferebee, Dr. Virginia M. Alexander, and Black Women Physicians' Public Health Activism.
 * "The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks reconsidered."
 * "No struggle, no fight, no court battle": the 1948 desegregation of the University of Arkansas School of Medicine.
 * "There wasn't a lot of comforts in those days:" African Americans, public health, and the 1918 influenza epidemic.
 * "Midian Othello Bousfield: advocate for the medical and public health concerns of Black Americans."
 * "Standing on shoulders."
 * "NIH consensus development statement on hydroxyurea treatment for sickle cell disease."
 * "National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference statement: hydroxyurea treatment for sickle cell disease."
 * "Introduction to special issue: advancing the ethics of community-based participatory research."
 * "Mistrust among minorities and the trustworthiness of medicine."
 * "U.S. policy on health inequities: the interplay of politics and research."
 * "Subcutaneous scars." Health Affairs 19, no. 1 (January/February 2000): 164-169.
 * "Under the shadow of Tuskegee: African Americans and health care." American Journal of Public Health 87, no. 11 (1997): 1773-1778.
 * "Making a Place for Ourselves: The Black Hospital Movement, 1920-1945". New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
 * The “boom and bust phenomenon”: the hopes, dreams, and broken promises of the contraceptive revolution